Early socialization of hostile attribution bias: The roles of parental attributions,parental discipline,and child attributes

The goal of this study was to examine child and parent predictors of children's hostile attribution bias (HAB) with a particular focus on exploring the associations between parents’ early attribution of child misbehavior and children's HAB in the transition to school age. Participants were 241 children (118 girls) of middle‐income families who were at risk for school‐age conduct problems. Multi‐method, multi‐informant data were collected on maternal attributions of child misbehavior, parental use of corporal punishment, and child attributes (i.e., verbal IQ, effortful control, theory of mind, and emotional understanding) at 3 years, and child HAB in ambiguous situations at 6 years. Results indicated that mothers’ internal explanations for children's misconduct may either reduce or increase children's later HAB depending on the specific content of attributions, such that mothers’ belief that children misbehave because of their internal state (i.e., emotional state or temperament) was associated with lower levels of child HAB, whereas attributing power‐based motives (i.e., manipulative, controlling intentions) in children was associated with higher levels of HAB. The findings are discussed with respect to appreciating the complexity of parents’ explanations for children's behavior, and considering parental cognition as a potential target for early identification and prevention of child HAB and related problems.     

The Paradox of Integration: Work-Integration Social Enterprises (WISE) and Productivist Welfare Regime in Hong Kong

After the Asian Financial Crisis, the government of Hong Kong embraced the model of work-integration social enterprise (WISE) to sustain its facilitative and productivist welfare regime. Using the WISE of Pro-Love for marginalized women as a case study, the article examines the meaning of employment and social disadvantage in the organization. The ethnographic data reveal that while the WISE encourages women to participate in the paid labor market, it constructs employment in the social enterprise as part-time jobs for supplementary family income, restricts the extension of social networks for the female workers, and reinforces the cultural stereotypes of marginalized women. The study reflects on the mechanisms of the project of WISE in the welfare contexts of Hong Kong, and argues that programs targeted at labor participation cannot be automatically translated into reduction of exclusion in other domains. Long-term planning, policy coordination, and social advocacy are necessary to achieve social integration.     

西藏贵族社会变迁研究——从亚谿家庭的出现看贵族社会的变迁

西藏历史以千年计,经历了多次的社会动荡和变化。吐蕃王朝的建立,揭开了西藏文明社会的面纱。到了6世纪,佛教的传播,不仅改变了西藏的社会结构,更为重要的是改变了西藏人的思维结构。这也为达赖喇嘛和他所属“亚谿家庭”的产生,提供了最为坚实的基础。“亚谿家庭”的出现,给近代西藏贵族社会带来了变动,这种变动正是为西藏贵族社会渐进多元变迁提供了一个模式,这也是本文探讨社会变迁的一种模式。     

藏药行业发展现状及技术创新

本文在简略介绍藏药产业发展现状的基础上,详细分析了该行业目前存在的诸多有利因素和不利因素,由此提出了藏药研发中自主创新技术和知识产权保护等方面的问题,并探讨了藏药产业今后的发展思路。     

民国初期川陇两省就隆庆(囊谦)归属问题所引发的纠纷

民国初期,川陇两省就隆庆(囊谦)等地方的归属纠纷曾闹得沸沸扬扬,令举国关注,其实这是川边经略使尹昌衡借“西姆拉会议”所造成的政治恶果,通过欺上瞒下,精心策划的政治闹剧。然而这场纠纷也使当时默默无闻的马麒无意中得到了一次难得亮相机会,给人以深刻的印象,这为他日后继续混迹于青海政坛,直至形成独霸一方的“马家军”赢得了政治资本。     

民国年间（1912～1949年）汉藏佛教文化交流——内地僧人赴藏求法

汉藏佛教文化交流自唐朝开始,经宋、元、明、清历朝不断,进入民国达到高潮。大勇法师曾在北京组建留藏学法团,其中的部分成员进藏求法,将大量的藏文佛教典籍翻译成汉文,推动并加强了藏传佛教研究,增进了汉藏僧人的相互了解和汉藏民族文化的交流。     

宁玛派"密咒师"

藏传佛教宁玛派中被称做"密咒师"的特殊群体,既从事正规的宗教活动,又娶妻生子参加日常的生产劳动,兼具宗教职业者和普通俗人双重身份.这些密咒师的活动与苯教、巫术和藏族民俗有着极其密切的关系,他们是藏族宗教、文化和民间信仰、习俗最具典型的代表之一.     

Improved two-parameter estimators for the negative binomial and Poisson regression models

Negative binomial regression (NBR) and Poisson regression (PR) applications have become very popular in the analysis of count data in recent years. However, if there is a high degree of relationship between the independent variables, the problem of multicollinearity arises in these models. We introduce new two-parameter estimators (TPEs) for the NBR and the PR models by unifying the two-parameter estimator (TPE) of Özkale and Kaç?ranlar [The restricted and unrestricted two-parameter estimators. Commun Stat Theory Methods. 2007;36:2707–2725]. These new estimators are general estimators which include maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, ridge estimator (RE), Liu estimator (LE) and contraction estimator (CE) as special cases. Furthermore, biasing parameters of these estimators are given and a Monte Carlo simulation is done to evaluate the performance of these estimators using mean square error (MSE) criterion. The benefits of the new TPEs are also illustrated in an empirical application. The results show that the new proposed TPEs for the NBR and the PR models are better than the ML estimator, the RE and the LE.     

吐蕃时期的佛经翻译述略

吐蕃王朝时期,王室因政治斗争和丰富文化的需要而引进佛教.在王室的积极倡导和大力扶持下,引进佛教的第一项事业便是翻译佛经,因此佛经翻译出现了空前的繁荣.纵观吐蕃时期佛经翻译的发展,主要经历了三个发展阶段,本文就这三个发展阶段进行了全面的介绍和论述.     

“冲之鸟”岛礁属性辨析

1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第121条第3款确立了岩礁这一新规则。岩礁属于岛屿范畴,然而与岛屿不同的是,它不能拥有专属经济区和大陆架。从“冲之鸟”的情况看,它是岩礁,因而不能拥有专属经济区和大陆架。