Managing The Lactating Body: The Breast-Feeding Project and Privileged Motherhood

Drawing on interviews with twenty-five mostly white, educated, work-force experienced and class-privileged mothers, this paper explores how these women construct the lactating body as a carefully managed site and breast-feeding as a project—a task to be researched, planned, implemented, and assessed, with reliance on expert knowledge, professional advice, and consumption. The framing of breast-feeding as a project contrasts with the emphases on pleasure, embodied subjectivity, relationality, and empowerment that characterizes much of the recent breast-feeding literature across the humanities and social sciences. I argue that the project frame sheds light on the amount of work and self-discipline involved in compliance with broader middle-class mothering standards set in the consumerist, technological, medicalized, and professionalized contexts that shape parenting in late capitalist America.

Data bases for large energy-economic models

The collection, collation and transformation of data into the form required by a large energy-economic model constitutes a significant part of the overall modelling activity. The correct basis for setting up a model data base rests on the separation of the model specification into the four areas of external data transformation, internal data representation, internal data transformation and the mathematical relationships. From this specification, the model may be generated. The internal data base is comprised of a series of tables, covering intersectoral transactions, capital stock transactions, energy sector operating characteristics, consumption patterns and other data. These tables may be compiled direct from source material, or via some research requiring prior data processing. In both cases the process should be fully documented, so that data accuracy is ensured and the data may be updated reliably when new material becomes available. It is recommended that a data coordinating function be established within the modelling group, in order to plan and control data-related activities.     

Private Self‐consciousness and Gender Moderate How Adolescents' Values Relate to Aggression

The relationship between values and aggression and the moderating roles of gender and private self‐ consciousness (PSC) on these relations were examined. Participants were 642 Arabic and Jewish adolescents in Israel (M age = 13.79, SD = .51; 53.9 percent females). Values and PSC were measured by self‐reports and aggression was measured by peer nominations. Aggression was positively correlated with self‐enhancement and openness to change values, and negatively correlated with self‐transcendence and conservation values. The results also suggested that PSC and gender play an important role in moderating these relations. The study's contributions to value theory and its practical implications are discussed.     

Parents Differentiate Between Their Personal Values and Their Socialization Values: The Role of Adolescents' Values

This study focuses on the differentiation process, involving the emergence of a distinction between parents' own personal values and their socialization values (the values they want their children to adopt), and on the contribution of children's values to their parents' socialization values. Measures of personal and socialization values were administrated to 603 Israeli adolescents and their parents. As we hypothesized, parents differentiate between their personal values and their socialization values. Moreover, adolescents' values had a specific contribution to their parents' socialization values. These findings provide new support to the notion that the socialization process should be considered as the result of the interaction between parents and their adolescent children rather than as a unidirectional process affected by parents alone.     

新型城市的公共交通系统——举措、效果及挑战

交通拥堵的上升趋势、环境保护的紧迫性以及道路的安全问题是世界各地许多城市考虑发展新型公共交通（简称公交）系统的主要原因。本文介绍新型或称改良的公交系统，围绕其主要因素和挑战展开探讨。选择公共交通工具抑或私人交通工具，这是受政府决策或社区决策影响的个体决策行为。政府和社区的决策向乘坐公共交通工具的乘客和潜在的使用者所发出的信号往往是混乱的，无法实现公交系统范围内的整合。本文描述了当前公交实践的状况，分析了人们使用公交与否的原因，包括付费的意愿、可行性和预测性、欧洲及北美成功的新举措以及实现多式联运服务的整合。文章最后还借鉴了新西兰奥克兰市的经验作为全文的总结。     

Regulating social welfare services: Between compliance and learning

With the ongoing privatisation and marketisation of social welfare, the regulatory functions of governments have become much more important, necessitating careful attention. Yet there is little scholarly work on the goals and nature of regulating privatised social welfare services. To fill this gap, this study examined the regulatory process used by the Israeli Youth Protection Authority (YPA) to regulate homes for at‐risk youth. Based on 24 semi‐structured interviews with inspectors and staff, the article highlights the YPA's distinctive learning‐based and collaborative approach to regulating social welfare services. This approach puts the capacity‐building of professional skills, rather than compliance, at the centre of the regulatory mission and leaves room for professional discretion to the homes and the inspectors. The article outlines the distinctive features of this approach, considering its advantages and shortcomings in comparison with the more legalistic and audit‐based approaches currently dominating the field of social care inspection.     

How vicious are cycles of intransitive choice?

Transitivity is a compelling requirement of rational choice, and a transitivity axiom is included in all classical theories of both individual and group choice. Nonetheless, choice contexts exist in which choice might well be systematically intransitive. Moreover, this can occur even when the context is transparent, and the decision maker is reflective. The present paper catalogues such choice contexts, dividing them roughly into the following classes:

Identifying and Distinguishing Value Profiles in American and Israeli Adolescents

Although research has examined how values are correlated with behavior, little has examined how the system of values predicts behavior. In a cross‐cultural sample of American (109 European American; 216 African American) and Israeli (318 Arab Israeli; 216 Jewish Israeli) adolescents, the present study used latent profile analysis to identify groups which reflected the theoretical structure of values across both cultures. Four profiles were found: self‐focused, anxiety‐free, other‐focused, and undifferentiated. Results indicated that Self‐Focused adolescents were the most aggressive and viewed as leaders by their peers compared to the other groups. Self‐Focused and anxiety‐free youth reported more delinquency than their peers. Few differences between cultural groups emerged, suggesting that this approach is a promising avenue for understanding heterogeneity in behavior.