Catastrophic events, such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis, are rare, yet the cumulative risk of each event occurring at least once over an extended time period can be substantial. In this work, we assess the perception of cumulative flood risks, how those perceptions affect the choice of insurance, and whether perceptions and choices are influenced by cumulative risk information. We find that participants' cumulative risk judgments are well represented by a bimodal distribution, with a group that severely underestimates the risk and a group that moderately overestimates it. Individuals who underestimate cumulative risks make more risk‐seeking choices compared to those who overestimate cumulative risks. Providing explicit cumulative risk information for relevant time periods, as opposed to annual probabilities, is an inexpensive and effective way to improve both the perception of cumulative risk and the choices people make to protect against that risk. 相似文献
Faith-based development organizations (FBOs) have been argued to deliver more cost-efficient development projects than their secular counterparts through exclusive access to faith networks, which provide predictable decentralized funding, the recruitment of volunteers, low employee salaries, and less overhead and indirect costs. To date, however, comparative analyses of religious and secular organizations have relied on a case-by-case approach, limiting the generalizability of findings. This study addresses this methodological gap by analyzing Registered Charity Information Return filings and organizational websites of 844 Canadian development NGOs to determine the proportion of FBOs and their organizational distinctiveness. The results show that FBOs comprise 40% of the Canadian NGO sector in terms of the number of organizations and their expenditures in developing countries, and are significantly less reliant on federal funding (p?<?.1), pay employees lower salaries (p?<?.01), but do not exhibit a significant difference in their expenditures on overhead and indirect costs. Thus, Canadian FBOs participation in faith networks shapes their organizational modus operandi but does not result in a low overhead alternative to secular NGOs.
Abstract The effect of nonfarm development on dairy farm survival in New York's highly developed lower Hudson Valley is analyzed. The major hypothesis is that significant losses of dairy farms during this period are the result of urban development pressures. Contrary to this hypothesis, however, the bivariate and multivariate analyses of data from a mail survey of all commercial dairy operators in Dutchess County as of 1984 and industry survivors, exiters, and new entrants through 1990 demonstrate that nonfarm development has a negligible effect on dairy farm survival; rather, survival is significantly affected by age of operator and by family disruption. Thus, demographic and family process factors are found to be more powerful determinants of dairy farm survival in this particular metropolitan context. 相似文献
Parameter design or robust parameter design (RPD) is an engineering methodology intended as a cost-effective approach for improving the quality of products and processes. The goal of parameter design is to choose the levels of the control variables that optimize a defined quality characteristic. An essential component of RPD involves the assumption of well estimated models for the process mean and variance. Traditionally, the modeling of the mean and variance has been done parametrically. It is often the case, particularly when modeling the variance, that nonparametric techniques are more appropriate due to the nature of the curvature in the underlying function. Most response surface experiments involve sparse data. In sparse data situations with unusual curvature in the underlying function, nonparametric techniques often result in estimates with problematic variation whereas their parametric counterparts may result in estimates with problematic bias. We propose the use of semi-parametric modeling within the robust design setting, combining parametric and nonparametric functions to improve the quality of both mean and variance model estimation. The proposed method will be illustrated with an example and simulations. 相似文献
Research into the nature of aggressive behavior in youths has demonstrated that these youths are often the victims of abuse, exhibit aggressive behavior in early childhood, and remain aggressive into young adulthood. The treatment approach described in this article is a modification of Monahan's [1981] model of the prediction of violent behavior and the anger-management approach of Novaco [1985], and integrates the developmental models of Piaget [1963] and Erikson [1959]. The program is a combination of cognitive, behavioral, and expressive therapies and is targeted to the reduction of dysfunctional cognitive, affective, behavioral, and problem-solving patterns of aggressive youths. As referrals of such aggressive clients are often involuntary, interventions with unwilling and resistant clients are also presented. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Führungskr?ften wird ein aktueller überblick über Stressmanagementinterventionen in
der Arbeitswelt (ASMI) anhand von Metaanalysen und Reviews geleistet. Kognitiv-behaviorale und Entspannungstrainings dominieren
und sind effektiv auf individueller Ebene. Interventionen mit Führungskr?ften werden selten evaluiert. Neuere Entwicklungen
von ASMI sind ressourcenbezogen und integrieren zielgruppenorientiert personen- und bedingungsbezogenen Methoden auf der Grundlage
stressbezogener Analysen. Für Führungskr?fte wird auf der Grundlage ihrer Anforderungen, Stressoren und Ressourcen ein Coaching
Konzept entwickelt, bei dem die F?rderung der Self-Leadership Kompetenz und Transferpl?ne im Mittelpunkt stehen.
The state-of-the-art in worksite stress management interventions (wSMI) with focus on the executive staff is shown through
meta-analyses and reviews. The field is dominated by cognitive-behavioral, multimodal and relaxation trainings. These methods
are effective on the individual level, however interventions with executives are rarely evaluated. New developments in wSMI
are described where target-group and condition-focused methods are integrated on the basis of stress analyses. For executives,
a coaching concept based on the specific demands, stressors and resources is developed with emphasis on the promotion of self-leadership
and transfer plans.
Dipl.-Psych. Christine G. Busch, Studium: TU Berlin, 1995–1996 Trainerin für Stressmanagement der AOK Berlin u. wiss. Mitarbeiterin
an der Universit?t Potsdam; 1996–1998 Univ.-Assistentin für angewandte Psychologie an der Universit?t Innsbruck; seit 1998
wiss. Angestellte der Arbeits-, Betriebs- und Umweltpsychologie an der Universit?t Hamburg.
Dipl.-Psych. Brigitte Steinmetz, Studium: Universit?t Hamburg, seit 2000 freiberufl. T?tigkeit; 2001–02 Stipendiatin der Universit?t
Hamburg; seit 2002 wiss. Mitarbeiterin der Arbeits-, Betriebs- und Umweltpsychologie an der Universit?t Hamburg 相似文献