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1.
Diane Hope Weixing Zhu Corinna Gries Jacob Oleson Jason Kaye Nancy B. Grimm Lawrence A. Baker 《Urban Ecosystems》2005,8(3-4):251-273
We explored variations in inorganic soil nitrogen (N) concentrations across metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, and the surrounding
desert using a probability-based synoptic survey. Data were examined using spatial statistics on the entire region, as well
as for the desert and urban sites separately. Concentrations of both NO3-N and NH4-N were markedly higher and more heterogeneous amongst urban compared to desert soils. Regional variation in soil NO3-N concentration was best explained by latitude, land use history, population density, along with percent cover of impervious
surfaces and lawn, whereas soil NH4-N concentrations were related to only latitude and population density. Within the urban area, patterns in both soil NO3-N and NH4-N were best predicted by elevation, population density and type of irrigation in the surrounding neighborhood. Spatial autocorrelation
of soil NO3-N concentrations explained 49% of variation among desert sites but was absent between urban sites. We suggest that inorganic
soil N concentrations are controlled by a number of ‘local’ or ‘neighborhood’ human-related drivers in the city, rather than
factors related to an urban-rural gradient. 相似文献
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Len Thomas 《Significance》2009,6(3):108-112
Grey seals in Britain are a conservation success, brought back from the brink of extinction by protection in the early 20th century. The public love them. Fishermen hate them. The resurgence of the "grey guzzlers" threatens their livelihood, they say. Len Thomas shows how Charles Darwin's ideas are used to determine seal numbers and population dynamics. Surprisingly, Darwin's theories have also influenced the statistical tools that are used. 相似文献
4.
We employ a discretetime hazard model and a Blinder-decomposition approach to explore the possibility of racial discrimination
in the dismissal and retention of college football coaches by university administrations. A rich data set consisting of 81
institutions over an 11-year period (1990–2000) that contains, in addition to a coach's race, variables on cumulative winning
records, annual on-the-field improvements, and pre-/post-season game participation by institutions and their coaches is employed.
Our study finds that black coaches, on average, face a dismissal probability that is 9.6 percentage points below that of their
nonblack counterparts, ceteris paribus, suggesting that black head coaches may be the beneficiaries of favorable treatment
by university administrators. Such a result likely stems from universities ' approach to social concerns involving race and
gender issues. This finding also fits a construct that considers workplace discrimination as multi-dimensional. For example,
black representation in the college football coaching ranks may be disproportionately low, possibly as a result of discrimination.
However, once hired, black coaches are given more time to succeed than nonblacks, other things constant. 相似文献
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Len Thomas Stephen T. Buckland Ken B. Newman John Harwood 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》2005,47(1):19-34
This paper proposes a unified framework for defining and fitting stochastic, discrete‐time, discrete‐stage population dynamics models. The biological system is described by a state‐space model, where the true but unknown state of the population is modelled by a state process, and this is linked to survey data by an observation process. All sources of uncertainty in the inputs, including uncertainty about model specification, are readily incorporated. The paper shows how the state process can be represented as a generalization of the standard Leslie or Lefkovitch matrix. By dividing the state process into subprocesses, complex models can be constructed from manageable building blocks. The paper illustrates the approach with a model of the British grey seal metapopulation, using sequential importance sampling with kernel smoothing to fit the model. 相似文献
10.
This note examines the property rights aspects of bounty hunting, and suggests that fugitives within the criminal justice system represent a common property resource. Economic theory might predict that this resource would be over exploited, perhaps resulting in industry profits being driven to zero. It is argued, however, that, in addition to regulation, recently developed concepts regarding uncertainty and heterogeneity of exploitation skills likely work to limit exploitation effort in bounty hunting. The anecdotal evidence and inference provided in this note make for a compelling pedagogical device for principles and intermediate economics students. 相似文献