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Kent Christoph W. Lee Keunmin Ward Helen C. Hong Je-Woo Hong Jinkyu Gatey David Grimmond Sue 《Urban Ecosystems》2018,21(2):227-243
Urban Ecosystems - Local aerodynamic roughness parameters (zero-plane displacement, z d , and aerodynamic roughness length, z 0 ) are determined for an urban park and a suburban neighbourhood with... 相似文献
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Quantifying urban forest structure,function, and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project 总被引:22,自引:4,他引:18
McPherson E. Gregory Nowak David Heisler Gordon Grimmond Sue Souch Catherine Grant Rich Rowntree Rowan 《Urban Ecosystems》1997,1(1):49-61
This paper is a review of research in Chicago that linked analyses of vegetation structure with forest functions and values. During 1991, the regions trees removed an estimated 5575 metric tons of air pollutants, providing air cleansing worth 9.2 million. Each year they sequester an estimated 315 800 metric tons of carbon. Increasing tree cover 10% or planting about three trees per building lot saves annual heating and cooling costs by an estimated 50 to 90 per dwelling unit because of increased shade, lower summertime air temperatures, and reduced neighborhood wind speeds once the trees mature. The net present value of the services trees provide is estimated as 402 per planted tree. The present value of long-term benefits is more than twice the present value of costs. 相似文献
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Vegetation and building morphology characteristics are investigated at 19 sites on a north-south LiDAR transect across the
megacity of London. Local maxima of mean building height and building plan area density at the city centre are evident. Surprisingly,
the mean vegetation height (zv3) is also found to be highest in the city centre. From the LiDAR data various morphological parameters are derived as well
as shadow patterns. Continuous images of the effects of buildings and of buildings plus vegetationon sky view factor (Ψ) are
derived. A general reduction of Ψ is found, indicating the importance of including vegetation when deriving Ψ in urban areas.
The contribution of vegetation to the shadowing at ground level is higher during summer than in autumn. Using these 3D data
the influence on urban climate and mean radiant temperature (T
mrt
) is calculated with SOLWEIG. The results from these simulations highlight that vegetation can be most effective at reducing
heat stress within dense urban environments in summer. The daytime average T
mrt
is found to be lowest in the densest urban environments due to shadowing; foremost from buildings but also from trees. It
is clearly shown that this method could be used to quantify the influence of vegetation on T
mrt
within the urban environment. The results presented in this paper highlight a number of possible climate sensitive planning
practices for urban areas at the local scale (i.e. 102- 5 × 103 m). 相似文献
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