元代会同馆论考

元代设有会同馆作为专门接待入京朝贡的周边四夷使节的客馆 ,它的设立对发展元与周边四夷的关系起到了积极的作用。会同馆也是中国古代中央客馆建制的组成部分 ,在制度方面 ,承前而启后 ,具有一定的历史作用     

The dual-continuum approach: An extension of the contingency theory of strategic conflict management

This article examines the limitations of using a single advocacy-accommodation continuum when depicting organizational stance and movement in conflict situations (Cancel et al., 1997). The authors argue that advocacy and accommodation can vary independently in response to a variety of contingent factors. To comprehensively capture the locations and motions that are possible in organization-public conflicts, a two-continuum approach is proposed. Separate assessment of the effects of contingency variables on advocacy and accommodation can be used to accurately locate organizational stance along advocacy and accommodation continua. Strategic alternatives that cannot be depicted using a single continuum (such as favorable alignment of organization advocacy/public accommodation or unilateral change on the part of one party) can be captured if separate continua are employed. By depicting initial stances and desired directions of movement for both the organization and public, the dual-continuum approach can also provide practical guidance to public relations professionals in selecting strategies for achieving preferred outcomes and evaluating their effectiveness.     

略论城市集中供热收费难的原因及解决办法

集中供热的发展没有同市场取向的改革相适应 ,导致热费收缴难 ,集中供热难以正常运行。应构筑适应社会主义市场经济的集中供热运行机制 ,推行供热市场化 ,并建立城市供热保障发展基金     

Expressed trust and compliance in police‐civilian encounters: the role of communication accommodation in Chinese and American settings

Research has demonstrated that police officers' communicative practices are potent predictors of individuals' expressed reactions to law enforcement. The present study continues this line of work in Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, and the United States by testing a theoretical model pertaining to the influence of perceived police officer accommodation and reported trust on attitudes about compliance with police requests. In addition to differences in reported levels of these variables across locations, findings indicated that perceived police officer communication accommodation predicted trust in police which, in turn, predicted attitudes about compliance with police requests. The empirical and practical significance of these findings are discussed.     

中介语可变性研究的两个社会心理模式

介绍中介语研究的两个社会心理模式 ,即拉波夫模式和言语调节理论。大多数中介语的文体变化研究是在拉波夫模式的理论框架内进行的 ,即根据学习者对语言形式的注意程度来研究中介语的文体变化。言语调节理论根据说话人在交谈时对听话人的社会、教育及种族状况的态度来解释中介语的变化     

Asking for trouble with pure accommodation: Paracrises as rhetorical situations

Through the application of rhetorical analysis, this essay examines three cases that exemplify a specific type of paracrisis - faux pas - with the purpose of entertaining consideration of paracrisis as a rhetorical situation. This analysis explicitly concerns the rise of an “expectation gap” that leads to a paracrisis of an organization’s own doing. Using three cases as illustrations, this paper looks at how an organization alters one rhetorical situation through a choice of rhetorical strategies, ranging from pure advocacy to pure accommodation, only to generate a new rhetorical situation that requires a reconsideration of Burke’s scene-purpose pentadic ratio to inform conflict positioning.     

Orderly mixing and accommodation in South African codeswitching

'Mixed Language,' a characteristic pattern of language use among African township residents in South Africa, may well include words or full constituents from several languages. However, from both a structural and a social perspective, such speech has a systematic nature. In reference to grammatical structure, within any CP (projection of COMP) showing codeswitching, only one language (the Matrix Language) provides the grammatical frame in the data studied. Also, while speakers from different educational levels engage in codeswitching with similar frequencies, the types of codeswitched constitutents they prefer are different. In reference to the social use of language, we argue that specific patterns of codeswitching indicate how language is both an index of identity and a tool of communication in South Africa. In the codeswitching patterns they use, speakers exhibit strong loyalty to their own first languages. Yet, because they recognize that codeswitching facilitates communication with members of other ethnic groups, they use a number of codeswitching strategies as a means of accommodating to their addressees and simultaneously as a means of projecting multiple identities for themselves.     

Still fighting the good fight: An analysis of student activism and institutional response

The current study employs content analysis of news coverage on recent campus protests (the University of Missouri, the University of Cincinnati, Harvard School of Law, and Ithaca College). Using the contingency theory of conflict management as a theoretical framework, the study sought both parties’ (institution and student activist group) stances along the continuum of pure advocacy to pure accommodation. The study also examined whether recent student groups applied radical activist strategies, and if institutions employed conflict resolution strategies.Results indicate both parties were advocating, with only institutions moving along the continuum from advocacy to pure accommodation. Students were found to execute radical activist strategies and institutions’ responses were dominantly unconditionally constructive.     

可以找到第三种生活方式吗?——关于中国四种生计类型的自然保护与文化生存

中国有四种主要的生计类型:游猎、游耕、游牧和农业。当上述四种传统生计方式被外力干预而出现不可逆情形的时候,重构一种变化了的新生计生态系统就不得不关注恰当的技术支持和促进文化整合。其中,地方族群的文化主体性地位的保持和尝试、寻找生计方式与文化心理上的转换时空是文化适应的最重要的前提。     

再论利玛窦的易服与范礼安的"文化适应政策"

耶稣会士利玛窦改换儒服被视为东西方文化交流史中极具象征意义的标志性事件,但事实上,利氏的形象改变并非只有一次,首次易服是其入华之初采用中国僧服,而12年后改穿儒服,亦是为融合于中国文人官僚而做的社交努力。有证据表明,利玛窦多次易服不仅是仿效日本同行的类似举动,其过程还受制于修会内部传教策略之争及复杂矛盾。形象改变的本质意义在于获得生存与发展的通行证和护身符,是范礼安 “文化适应政策”的具体表现。所谓“合儒、补儒”既非利玛窦的初衷,也是从未实现的文化神话。