Attributing Outcomes to Social Policy Interventions – ‘Gold Standard’ or ‘Fool's Gold’ in Public Policy and Management?

In recent years there has been increased interest in outcome‐based social policy‐making and management. The UK has been in the forefront of this movement but similar movements have been identified internationally. This interest in outcome‐based decision‐making has been given particular impetus through the ‘results’‐based movement in evaluation and performance management since the 1980s, which has increased in scope over time, slowly changing its emphasis from cost reduction and measuring outputs to measuring outcomes. This change has been widely welcomed by policymakers, practitioners and academics. However, there is evidence that the reality is often rather less than the rhetoric. Moreover, the ‘attribution problem’ of attributing changes in outcomes to specific social policies has remained a major issue. The conceptual solution of constructing ‘cause‐and‐effect’ models, imported from the policy evaluation field, has only recently become common for operationalising these models. This article outlines the evolution of interest in outcome‐based social policy‐making up to recent times and the growing realization of the importance of the attribution problem. It then outlines both how the ‘cause‐and‐effect’ policy modelling approach can partially tackle the attribution problem, but also its inherent limitations. Lastly, the article uses several case studies in current UK social policy‐making to demonstrate the potential importance of the reasoning embedded within cause‐and‐effect models but also the dangers in policy‐making which adopts this approach without understanding its conceptual basis or in fields where it is inappropriate, given the current state of our knowledge of social policy systems.     

多元的群体 偏离的印象——对中国“90后”社会特征的解析

"90后"群体是当前社会关注的焦点。以中国社会发展进程为纵线,以影响"90后"群体的主要心理因素为横线,从社会化进程、教育化选择、网络化生活以及同一性承诺等四个方面对"90后"群体的多元可能和形成过程进行解析发现:"90后"的天生多元促成了其群体多元的真正实现:"90后"教育选择的多样性加剧了其多元的可能性;"90后"的网络化生存(工作)能力提供了其多元的现实工具;"90后"的自我意识中心反映了其较早的自我觉醒。因此,面对社会给予"90后"的诸多负面评价与"90后"良好自我认同的差异与偏离,我们需要聆听他们对世界的认知。     

大学生人际归因与社会支持的关系研究

采用多维多向归因量表(MMCS)中的人际关系归因分量表及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对298名大学生人际关系归因倾向和社会支持状况及其之间的关系作了测量分析。结果显示:人际归因和社会支持之间存在显著的相关,越是将人际关系倾向归因于外部不可控的因素,以及失败时归因于内部的、稳定的、不可控的原因(能力)的大学生,获得的社会支持就越少。     

维纳归因理论在大学生思想政治教育中的运用

归因理论作为社会心理学中的重要概念和理论，对思想政治教育一直具有重要的借鉴作用。文章概述了维纳归因理论，分析其优点和不足，并在此基础上就如何在思想政治教育中正确运用维纳的归因理论提出了自己的看法和观点。     

Faire œuvre commune. Dynamiques d'attribution et de valorisation des coproductions en art numérique

By bringing together various parties and multidisciplinary contributions, digitalized art parcelizes the act of creation with, as a consequence, various ways for referring to the “work” of art. The outcome of this joint, polyphonic production process might be a piece of software, separate from the work itself, or an artwork, which might or might not incorporate the computer program. What arrangements ultimately redistribute these multicentric externalities between the cooperating parties? How are the results of this coordination exploited depending on the market (academic or industrial) of destination? By emphasizing the arrangements necessary for finishing a co-production whose social career is described, this article draws attention to the changes introduced through digitalized innovations and explains the new arrangements for giving credits and promoting partnerships between art, science and technology.     

基于粗糙集与主成分分析的属性约简的启发式算法研究

信息系统的属性约简反映了一个决策表的本质信息,为信息系统的数据挖掘奠定的基础。生成一个决策表的所有约简或计算出最佳(定义为属性数目最少)的约简都是NP难问题。目前已有的基于粗糙集的属性约简算法由于计算复杂较高,而不适用大规模数据。本文探讨了一种基于区分矩阵和主成分分析的算法,该算法利用属性在区分矩阵中频率及属性贡献率做为启发规则,寻找最小约简,并在海关通关风险评估系统中得到良好的应用。     

Public support for Haitian earthquake victims: Role of attributions and emotions

This research examines the public's support for Haiti relief efforts after the earthquake in 2010 based on Weiner's (1995) attribution model. The causes of the destruction in Haiti were explained differently in two types of attribution messages: the controllable attribution message (faulty construction despite earthquake warnings) and the uncontrollable attributions message (the depth of the earthquake's epicenter and its proximity to Port-au-Prince, the capital). Compared with the controllable attribution message, the uncontrollable attribution message increased the public's willingness to support the victims of the Haiti earthquake, directly through personal donations and indirectly through corporate donations. Emotions such as sympathy and pity also predicted support, although emotions did not mediate the relationship between attributions and support.     

大学毕业生择业焦虑、自我效能感与归因方式的关系

择业心理因素及其相互关系对大学生就业有较大影响,对715名大学毕业生择业焦虑、择业自我效能感与择业归因方式的关系及择业自我效能感在择业归因方式和择业焦虑之间的中介作用的调查发现,大学毕业生择业自我效能感对择业焦虑具有显著的负向影响,择业归因方式对择业自我效能感具有显著的正向影响,个人素质类归因方式对择业焦虑具有显著的负向影响,社会支持类归因方式对择业焦虑具有显著的正向影响,择业自我效能感在个人素质和社会支持类归因方式与择业焦虑之间起着显著的部分中介作用,在机会运气、求职知识、个人努力和积极情绪类归因方式与择业焦虑之间起着显著的完全中介作用。     

论高等职业院校英语教学应用归因理论的价值

归因理论是关于人们如何解释自己或他人的行为,以及这种解释如何影响他们的情绪、动机和行为的心理学理论。实践表明,归因理论适应中国高等职业院校的英语教学。师生合理运用归因理论,可以确保教学顺利有序地进行,使学生对英语学习充满兴趣和激情,克服语言自卑感和习得无助感,激发并维持学习动机。高等职业院校的英语教学要以教师为引导,以学生为主体,因此教师要全面、客观地了解学生,努力做到正确进行成败归因,培养学生的学习兴趣,还要帮助他们客观地自我归因,使他们建立并维持对英语的学习动机,使学生的英语学习变＂被动式＂为＂主动式＂。     

高职高专学生英语学习成败的归因法分析

回顾了归因理论的发展,着重根据归因理论的基本原理设计了针对高职高专学生英语学习成败的归因调查,并对调查结果进行统计分析和讨论,以此对提高高职高专英语教学提出了一些的思考。