Diaspora Ownership and Homeland Firms' Internationalization

Although the contribution of diaspora to international business is becoming more evident, little is known about the channels used by individual firms to benefit from diaspora. In this paper, we propose equity ownership as a form of connection between the homeland firms and diasporans (i.e. diaspora members). Specifically, we draw on the literature on diaspora combined with an owners-as-resources perspective to theorize about how diaspora owners can affect the homeland firm's internationalization. We suggest that the anticipated entry costs deriving from the liability of foreignness faced by homeland firms explain how the impact of diaspora owners varies depending on entry mode. Finally, we compare diaspora owners to other types of foreign owner which we argue have lower levels of motivation and ability to help homeland firms to internationalize, and contribute relatively less to their internationalization than diaspora owners. We test and confirm our predictions using data on 2608 domestically controlled Indian firms and their internationalization in 2006–2012.     

库切与凯里写作视角比较研究

在布克文学奖的颁奖史上，只有两位作家两度获奖，他们是彼得·凯里（PeterCarey）和J．M．库切（J．M．Coetzee），且这两位作家目前都拥有澳大利亚国籍。当文学研究者将这两位作家纳入文学研究范畴进行分析时，发现可以从世界文学与比较文学的角度研究这两位作家的作品。本文将从第三种文化的角度分析两住作家的作品，特别是他们在流散过程中所创作的具体作品来梳理他们的写作策略。     

Mobilising diasporas for justice. Opportunity structures and the presencing of a violent past

ABSTRACT

This article investigates how the global dominance of the transitional justice (TJ) discourse and practice – and the controversies and conflicts that arise around TJ – have come to make up an important context for diaspora mobilisation. The article looks at the increasingly globalised mechanisms and norms of transitional justice as a set of opportunity structures – political, legal and discursive – which shape diaspora mobilisation. Diaspora engagement in commemoration, truth-seeking and legal justice in relation to atrocities in Rwanda and Sri Lanka is studied. The article shows that in relation to Rwanda, state dominance and divides are largely replicated in the diasporic space, while the Sri Lankan case provides examples of how Tamil diaspora engagement have been able to reverse power dynamics around TJ. Combining opportunity structures with the concept of ‘past presencing’, the article shows how diaspora groups appropriate and strategise in relation to the dominant norms and practices of TJ, and how in doing so the past is performed and experienced in ways which are both personally and politically meaningful.     

The role of ethnic identity in school engagement: perceptions of immigrant Tibetan adolescents in select US public schools

This purpose of the study was to ascertain the level of ethnic identity formation and its perceived role on school engagement for Tibetan adolescents enrolled in public schools in two Midwestern states in the USA. The journey of these students from culturally encapsulated schools from Nepal, Bhutan, and India to multiculturally diverse settings was one of the most fascinating facets of the Tibetan Diaspora. Subjects included 16 girls, 25 boys, and 2 who did not identify their gender. The multigroup ethnic identity measure was used to determine the level of ethnic identity formation of Tibetan students while a questionnaire gathered information on school engagement. The overall ethnic identity measure for this sample was high with a mean of 3.58, while the cognitive and affective aspect of the measure was also high with a mean of 3.56 and 3.74, respectively. The girls showed more emotional commitment to ethnic identity, as their mean score was 3.92, while boys scored 3.62. The results clearly corroborated findings and conclusions drawn by other scholars. School and community partnership contributed to the healthy ethnic identity development of adolescents who were thus encouraged to be more engaged in meaningful school activities.     

Diaspora as aesthetic formation: community sports events and the making of a Somali diaspora

This paper uses the concept of aesthetic formation to examine the practices through which diasporic imaginations become tangible and experienced as ‘real’. The authors interpret sport as an embodied aesthetic practice through which diasporas materialise, with important implications for identification and belonging. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork on a transnational community-based sports event, the Amsterdam Futsal Tournament, the paper discusses how articulations of Somali diasporism become tangible and embodied in subjects who participate in this event. The authors conclude that these materialisation practices can simultaneously elicit multiple forms and levels of belonging that also foster a sense of integration and belonging to the nation.     

诉说离乱与建构主体——论马来西亚华人新生代的创作

马来西亚华人新生代的崛起是20世纪90年代以来马来西亚乃至东南亚华文文坛的重要现象.马来西来华人新生代在创作中甚为繁复地诉说着离乱的过往与身世的漂泊,这不但反映了他们成长期所经受的国族认同危机,而且透露出他们试图通过离乱历史的叙事而建构其马来西亚"国境内少数民族形象"的族群意识.但这种建构虽然以寻求认同为旨归,却天然地和当局打造马来西亚国族共同体的意识形态相冲突,而这冲突的双方在当前全球化语境中似乎又共同面临本真性幻觉的困境.     

In the path of heroes: second-generation Tamil-Canadians after the LTTE

This paper explores how second-generation Tamil-Canadian university students have modified their ‘cultural heritage’ in the period after the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in May 2009. Using a generational framework suggested by the work of Karl Mannheim, I show that the events of May 2009 situated second-generation Tamil-Canadian political activism as a response to the ambivalence of their parents to the conflict in Sri Lanka. Second-generation Tamil-Canadians are also shown to have altered the key LTTE symbol of the Maaveerar (great hero) to better fit a transnational social field that is framed by the new realities of post-LTTE Sri Lanka and by intolerance to imported conflict in Canada. I argue that the Tamil second generation is highly engaged with the politics of their cultural identity, and that this engagement may have a lasting influence on transnational Tamil identity and on the political status of the Tamil community within Canada.     

行进中的家园书写——加勒比流散文学的变迁研究

家园书写是流散文学创作亘古不变的主题。作为最早的世界性移民地区之一,加勒比是多种不同的种族、语言、宗教和文化传统杂交和融合的十字路口,因此,其文学中的家园书写在全球化流散背景下极具前瞻性意义。加勒比文学中的家园书写形成过程经历了较长历史时期的变迁,时间跨度约四百年,前后主要经历了三个阶段,即以真实的家园再现为特点的殖民书写、以真实与想象混杂中的家园镜像为特点的后殖民书写和以想象中的家园梦想为特点的流散写作等。     

错位、混杂、超越——流散视阈中的卡里尔·菲利普斯《渡河》研究

作为菲利普斯所有作品中最知名的一部,《渡河》不仅仅让他两次入选布莱克纪念奖,还对流散问题的探讨最为深刻,几乎囊括了菲利普斯所有流散思想的核心内容,分别是错位主题、混杂本质和超越期盼。错位是卡里尔·菲利普斯生存常态的真实写照,也是他的作品中常见的主题。从第一部小说《最后的通道》开始,菲利普斯就不断的关注流散视阈中的"错位"。而在"错位"主题的基础上,菲利普斯流散思想的本质是提倡一种独特的混杂流散观念,不计种族、民族和性别的差异,将处于流散中的所有群族考虑在内,这是一种开放的、流动的反本质主义的流散思想。而菲利普斯呼吁的是一种能够超越种族、民族和性别差异的流散观念。     

Diasporic kinship hegemonies and transnational continuities in the Hmong diaspora

ABSTRACT

Although hegemony has been understood as the property of nation-states and the ruling classes, this paper explores cultural hegemonies among diasporic peoples by examining the pervasive compliance of Hmong living in Laos and the United States with the principles of their kinship system. Since these kinship rules are inculcated through parental education from an early age and are seen as essential for maintaining the cohesion of their dispersed diasporic community in the absence of a territorial ancestral homeland, they have become culturally engrained and taken-for-granted by Hmong through their voluntary consent and no longer have to be enforced by overt power and coercive means. However, like all hegemonies, the Hmong kinship system may also confront increasing challenges and contestation as it is enacted in the different nation-states where Hmong reside, and may eventually become an ideology that needs to be actively enforced and imposed by the direct use of power.