Intergenerational and career mobility in Britain: An integrated analysis

Mobility analysis has traditionally concentrated on the task of charting flows in the two-way contingency table which relates occupational origin to occupational destination. It has not yet undertaken a unified analysis of intergenerational and intragenerational aspects of mobility. And only rarely does it incorporate terms which represent ordered concepts such as inequality or vertical movement. In contrast, path analysis has typically imposed strong orderings on the data, and it has been employed to tease out the relations among several occupational variables. Its main defect is that it entirely abstracts from shifts in mean occupational position, and also from change in the shape of the occupational distribution. Yet both of these are important sources of mobility. The present paper shows how two innovations in mobility analysis may be generalized to constitute a technique which unites the strengths of path analysis with those of log-linear analysis. The two innovations are (a) the conceptual disaggregation of perfect and exchange mobility, and (b) the imposition of an ordered component within each (K. Hope, 1981, Sociology 15, 19–55). The outcome of this generalization is a simple yet powerful account of mobility in Britain.     

Assessing the role of hope in processes of transitional justice: mobilizing and disciplining victims in Sierra Leone’s truth commission and reparations programme

Existing studies have not been able to take the role of hope in processes of transitional justice (TJ) into account, as they focus on how TJ changes institutions and the relationships between individuals and therefore conclude that failed processes of TJ have no effect. In contrast to this approach, a different understanding of power as productive helps to understand how TJ-instruments create hope and which effects this has on how people conceive of themselves and the world they live in. A framework for analysing such processes is introduced that brings together individual meaning-making of hope and hopelessness with the role of the state in the provision of hope in the context of uncertainty. Transitional justice is therefore discussed as a performative project that aims at triggering specific emotions among the persons taking part in it and the broader society and at creating a vision of a better future based on social equality through the protection and fulfilment of human rights. By applying this framework to the case of the Sierra Leone truth and reconciliation commission and the reparations programme, it is argued that hope had a mobilizing as well as a disciplining function in these instruments. The promise of support mobilized victims to provide statements to the truth commission, and therefore enabled the commission to work in the first place. However, it failed in its attempt to discipline victims in their feelings about the past violence. The reparations programme constituted the embodiment of these promises, but victims interpreted its inadequate benefits and bad management as a proof that the state still does not care for them and competition over benefits is the norm despite their entitlement to support. This experience destroyed the hopes of many victims and created social envy among them, preventing the development of solidarity among victims and the chance for resistance against this policy.     

Hope for a Cause as Cause for Hope: The Need for Hope in Environmental Sociology

Hope is a crucial component of agency involving the setting of goals, visualization of obstacles, and increasing willpower in the effort of achieving a desired goal. This hope is not simply optimism and is potentially a bridge between structure and agency. Yet, the powers of hope in sociology have been greatly unexplored including the ability of collective hope to create social change. This lack of hope is particularly poignant in environmental sociology as the sub-discipline looks for solutions to some of the greatest challenges humanity and the planet faces. This article discusses the undercurrent of pessimism in environmental sociology and calls for the integration of hope as it is necessary for generating potential social environmental change.     

论希望的逻辑结构

某人有某种希望意指他希望某个命题为真,因而希望是关于命题的模态.希望逻辑是研究希望模态命题之间的逻辑关系.合理的希望是演绎封闭的、一致的、自我肯定的,等等,这些性质可以构成希望逻辑的公理.希望的一个重要的性质是,人们希望不一定为真,但是人们希望所希望的为真;它是希望逻辑的特有公理,可称为“希望公理”.借助于可能世界语义学通过选择不同的公理,可得到一些完全且可靠的希望逻辑系统.     

师陀的创作心境研究——以《期待》为中心

师陀代表作《期待》集中体现了他的创作风格和艺术特色。把握作品在情节处理、时空观照和叙述设置上的双重性以及作家从中所表现出来的艺术分寸和传递出的对革命、对时代、对命运的态度等,有助于研究者深入作家的内心世界,窥见一个曾经热心革命的作家,在创作过程中如何将热情转化为温情,将同情升华为悲悯的心路历程。     

亚·德·霍普的讽刺诗探析

亚·德·霍普是20世纪英文诗坛为数不多的在讽刺诗创作方面取得成就的重要诗人之一.他重视诗歌的社会功用,主张复兴讽刺诗的创作,并身体力行,创作了数量不菲的讽刺诗.霍普的讽刺诗按照其主题大致可分成两类,一类具有评论时事性质,其锋芒指向人生百态及社会生活的方方面面;另一类则呈现出"以诗论诗"的特征,表达了诗人对诗歌艺术本身的...     

希望的呐喊者--析哈代式悲观主义

本文分析了哈代诗歌中的悲观主义。文章认为哈代诗歌的基调是悲观忧郁的,但由于哈代哲学思想的复杂性,使得他诗歌所表达的思想也是复杂的。在某种意义上说,一方面,他用悲观的手法揭露现实,认为当代社会毫无希望;另一方面又信奉社会进化向善学说,对将来充满希望,相信将来人们生活会得到改善。因此,在悲观的表面,他的内心及一些诗作洋溢着乐观向上的情绪。     

中小学语文教材中关于“希望就是力量”的内涵阐释——以人教版新课标教材为例

中小学语文教材中蕴涵着丰富的“希望就是力量”的内涵，对青少年学生潜移默化地传递着正能量，启迪着每个学生对自己充满信心，对未来充满希望，激励着学生努力奋斗，超越自我。研究发现：小学低年级教材中关于“希望就是力量”的内涵主要注重启迪，小学高年级则开始兼顾实践行动，中学则注重引导学生形成关于希望品质的积极人生观。     

生死边缘的希望——伊尔莎·艾兴格小说《更大的希望》解读

《更大的希望》以极尽诗意化的写作手法,描述了一群惨遭纳粹迫害的犹太儿童在二战中经历的一段充满恐惧与不安、希望与绝望交织的悲惨生活。作家自身的创伤经历对小说的创作有着深刻的影响。通过小说独特的双重视角与带有神秘色彩和象征意义的语言,可探寻小说深刻的思想意蕴。     

人的现代化与精神文明建设

社会主义精神文明建设的根本目标是实现人的现代化,而人的现代化是精神文明建设的重要动力和主要标志。希望工程和道德工程是人的现代化和精神文明建设的实现途径。