Gender differences in willingness to compete: The role of public observability

A recent literature emphasizes that gender differences in the labor market may in part be driven by a gender gap in willingness to compete. However, whereas experiments in this literature typically investigate willingness to compete in private environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, and men and women differ in the degree to which they want to be seen as competitive, making tournament entry decisions publicly observable may further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment (N = 784) that varies the degree to which the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. We find that public observability does not alter the magnitude of the gender gap in willingness to compete in an economically or statistically significant way.     

当今中国社会主义建设的纲领性文件——浅析十六大报告对《共产党宣言》的继承和发展

<共产党宣言>所开创的伟大事业,在中国共产党的继承、发展和创新下,取得了举世瞩目的成就.十六大是我党在新时期召开的一次极为重要的会议,会议通过的报告从多方面继承和发展了<共产党宣言>的基本观点,是当今中国社会主义建设的纲领性文件,是新世纪初中国社会主义建设的<共产党宣言>.     

T.S艾略特之"阿尔佛雷特的爱之歌"与新批评主义

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Generalized Laplacian approximations in Bayesian inference

This paper presents a new Laplacian approximation to the posterior density of η = g(θ). It has a simpler analytical form than that described by Leonard et al. (1989). The approximation derived by Leonard et al. requires a conditional information matrix R_η to be positive definite for every fixed η. However, in many cases, not all R_η are positive definite. In such cases, the computations of their approximations fail, since the approximation cannot be normalized. However, the new approximation may be modified so that the corresponding conditional information matrix can be made positive definite for every fixed η. In addition, a Bayesian procedure for contingency-table model checking is provided. An example of cross-classification between the educational level of a wife and fertility-planning status of couples is used for explanation. Various Laplacian approximations are computed and compared in this example and in an example of public school expenditures in the context of Bayesian analysis of the multiparameter Fisher-Behrens problem.     

与时俱进的道德建设论要

党的十六大报告关于道德建设的思想体现了与时俱进的理论品质 ,是对社会主义道德建设经验的科学总结 ,是理论创新与实践创新、道德理想与现实的有机结合 ,丰富和发展了马克思主义道德理论。在全面建设小康社会的历史新时期 ,我们需要坚持与时俱进的社会主义道德建设实践。正确处理好先进性与广泛性、他律与自律、中国特色与世界伦理文化等方面的关系     

把握灵魂,抓住精髓,实现富民强市新跨越--学习党的十六大精神的体会和思考

认真学习、深刻领会、全面贯彻十六大精神 ,为实现十六大确定的各项目标任务而奋斗 ,是当前和今后一个时期的首要政治任务。深刻领会十六大精神 ,必须围绕主题 ,把握灵魂 ,抓住精髓。全面落实十六大精神 ,必须紧紧扭住“第一要务” ,牢牢铭记“两个务必” ,深刻理解和自觉实践“三个代表” ,以改革的精神推进党的建设新的伟大工程 ;必须立足扬州 ,狠抓落实 ,求真务实 ,实现富民强市、建设名城的新跨越 ;在这一过程中 ,必须大力实施“科教兴国”战略 ,努力争创新世纪发展的新辉煌     

浅析数字化校园及其应用系统的构建

数字化校园是在高等教育信息化快速发展过程中出现的一个崭新概念。本文介绍了数字化校园的内涵、数字化校园建设的主要内容,分析和评价了一些构建数字化校园应用系统的技术,对目前正在兴起的数字化校园建设具有一定的参考意义。     

学习贯彻十六大精神,推进“两课”教育教学的创新

学习贯彻十六大精神,推进“两课”教育教学的创新@赵书爱$华北水利水电学院人文社科部!河南郑州450011     

Maternal employment in Scandinavia: a comparison of the after-birth employment activity of Norwegian and Swedish women

A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968–88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with jobsecurity greatly speeds up the return to work.We want to thank Jan Kowalski for programming assistence and the Swedish Research Council for the Social Sciences and the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for financial support for the Swedish study. We are grateful to John F. Ermisch, Siv Gustafsson, to two anonymous referees and to colleagues at the Demography Unit for valuable comments. Responsible editors. Siv S. Gustafsson, John F. Ermisch.     

Bequests as a heir "disciple device."

This paper develops a model ofinter vivos gifts and bequests in a setting of moral hazard and adverse selection. Altruistic parents do not perfectly know how much effort their children make to earn their living, nor do they know their true level of ability.Inter vivos gifts take place prior to the realization of the children's earnings whereas at the moment of bequests, parents do observe them. We show that an optimal transfer policy generally uses a mix ofinter vivos gifts — deemed as more efficient — and bequests — deemed as more redistributive.We are thankful to Allessandro Cigno, Jacques Cremer, Claude d Aspremont and anonymous referees for their comments.Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno