Stigma, HIV/AIDS and prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Zambia

This report evaluates the extent of perceived and enacted HIV/AIDS-related stigma in a rural setting in Zambia. Stigmatisation is abundant, ranging from subtle actions to the most extreme degradation, rejection and abandonment. Women with HIV and pregnant women assumed to be HIV positive are repeatedly subjected to extensive forms of stigma, particularly once they become sick or if their child dies. Despite increasing access to prevention of mother to child transmission initiatives, including anti-retroviral drugs, the perceived disincentives of HIV testing, particularly for women, largely outweigh the potential gains from available treatments. HIV/AIDS related stigma drives the epidemic underground and is one of the main reasons that people do not wish to know their HIV status. Unless efforts to reduce stigma are, as one peer educator put it, “written in large letters in any HIV/AIDS campaign rather than small”, stigma will remain a major barrier to curbing the HIV/AIDS pandemic.     

非典与中国的电子商务

探讨了非典对于中国电子商务的影响以及电子商务在此期间发挥出的作用、存在的不足，进而提出了关于如何促进中国电子商务进一步发展的思考和建议．     

中国古代文学中的一位"圣母"--论《国语》中的公父文伯之母形象

在《国语·鲁语下》中 ,公父文伯之母被作为“尚礼”、“崇德”的典范 ,是一种政治理想范式 ,是善的化身。然而 ,从现代的社会文化视角来观照这个人物形象 ,我们读到的却是公父文伯之母作为女性的悲哀。她具有道德情感而丧失了作为人的情感。同时 ,这个人物形象折射出了当时“礼崩乐坏 ,王纲解纽”的社会状况 ,是社会和时代的“一面镜子”。     

Portrayals of the internal God among Ashkenazi Jewish Orthodox lesbians in Israel

Abstract

Most of the existing literature on Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewish lesbians focuses on sociological aspects, mainly the negative attitudes held by religious communities towards their sexual identity and the various problems that arise from these. Less attention has been paid to lesbians’ psychological coping mechanisms with the tensions between their two central identities: the religious and the sexual. Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians find themselves in a complicated situation where they remain on the margins of both their “natural” communities: the religious one and the homosexual one. As a result, they feel rejected, isolated, and even punished by society. As believers, God is their ultimate refuge. But there are different conceptions of God, ranging from benevolent to persecutory, accepting or highly judgmental and punishing. This variance has not been considered in regard to the dual identity of Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians. This article focuses on this neglected issue, examining Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians’ conception of God and its relation to their managing the conflict between their apparently conflicting identities.     

Translating Spirituality: Universalism and Particularism in the Diffusion of Spiritual Care from the United States to Israel

Research on the transnational diffusion of ideas and practices shows how cultural objects go through translation, adaptation, and vernacularization when implemented in new localities. Less attention is given to the translators themselves and their heterogeneous and often conflicting visions. Drawing on the notion of transnational social fields (TSF s), this article investigates how cultural objects get vernacularized differently in different parts of the TSF , demonstrating how processes of translation reflect larger social and political struggles over questions of identity. As a case study, we focus on the attempt of actors from Israel and the United States to institutionalize spiritual care in Israeli health‐care organizations. The analysis reveals how spiritual care functioned as a porous cultural object, open to a wide range of interpretations and debates. While actors in New York saw in spiritual care the opportunity to bridge to Israeli Jews and create a global Jewish identity, Israeli actors split between using spiritual care as a vehicle for creating a local Israeli Jewish identity and seeing in spiritual care the opportunity to establish universal identities, broader than the Jewish one. The disagreement and conflicts between the groups influenced the translation process, turning it into a contentious struggle that involved different positions on the continuum between particularism and universalism.     

论回族对国家的新贡献

为祖国作出过重大历史贡献的回族在新时期也应该而且能够为祖国作出新的贡献,这些新贡献主要包括三个方面:一是文化上结构性的贡献如义利统一、理欲平衡、公私兼顾;二是经济上的贡献如多元并举的产业理念、市场伦理;三是政治上的贡献如和谐理念和协商政治等等。     

跨文化视野中的卡夫卡及其创作

卡夫卡无疑是一个西方作家,但他对东方文化,譬如日本艺术、印度宗教,尤其是中国文化却情有独钟,他阅读了大量中国文化典籍,深受中国文化的影响,并且,这种影响已明显地体现在他的思想和创作中;卡夫卡是一个犹太人,但他一直生活在基督徒中间,他不信犹太教,但对基督教思想却有着深刻的体悟和亲和性;他是一个接受德语教育并用德语写作的作家,尽管他对德语的掌握和运用已到了炉火纯青的地步,但他在德语中却始终感到自己是一个陌生人。他生活在绝大多数人说捷克语的欧洲城市布拉格,他在家里经常使用捷克语,他还学过英语、法语、意大利和意第绪语,他渴望在犹太语中找到自己的家,但他最终却未能如愿。全部的文化冲突几乎总是以语言为依托的,卡夫卡由于如此深刻地体悟了语言的冲突和困境,因此,他对文化冲突的描述和表现总是和语言问题连在一起,而这又使得卡夫卡的思想和创作具有非常浓郁的现代气息和意义。     

集体无意识与刻意颠覆 ——《雾都孤儿》与《我们共同的朋友》中的犹太形象分析

狄更斯在其第二部小说《雾都孤儿》和最后一部小说《我们共同的朋友》中,塑造了两个迥然不同的犹太人物形象——恶棍费金和绅士瑞亚先生。费金的肮脏丑陋、讨好巴结、吝啬贪婪以及残忍恶毒,与瑞亚的温和优雅、自尊坚定、追求平和以及同情友善形成了鲜明的反差。这种反差背后所反映的,一方面是英国社会对犹太人的盲目偏见所形成的集体无意识的反犹主义文学传统,以及丑化犹太人的典型模式;另一方面是作为人道主义作家的狄更斯刻意进行的犹太人形象颠覆,狄更斯为自己、也为整个犹太民族进行了正名。     

卡森·麦卡勒斯小说中母亲形象缺席的创作心理分析

卡森·麦卡勒斯是美国著名的南方作家,在奠定其文学史地位的五部小说中,通过对母亲形象的缺席不在场书写,实现了现实生活中作家对作为"父亲"代表的母亲的无意识"阉割"欲望。作家在文本升华中,呈现出典型的"俄狄浦斯情结"特征。     

新疆民考民大学生英语自主学习情况调查分析

文章通过摸底实验、问卷调查和访谈形式,对少数民族大学生的英语自主学习情况和思想动态做了一次全面调查。发现民考民大学生的英语自主学习情况不尽人意。民考民大学生在进行英语自主学习时,对老师能给予合适的帮助的期望值较高。认为民考民大学生的英语自主学习效果与教师的有效教学和指导紧密相关,自主学习应是教师与学生共同操作和完成的过程,是一个合作体,离开教师的有效教学和指导的自主学习只会使教与学步入困境,导致无效学习。