经济法与市场经济——对现代经济法的一种认识

经济法是现代市场经济发展到一定阶段出现政府干预失灵的特定历史下产生的法律部门和法律学科.它不仅是政府干预经济的有效手段,也是政府干预的约束和规范,是政府干预法治化和市场秩序优化的必然需求.同时,现代经济法法益保护也具有双重性既侧重于社会公共利益的保护,又兼顾市场经济个体私利的保护,实现社会公益和个体私益的最大协调和平衡.     

Goal attainability and performance: Evidence from Boston marathon qualifying standards

In this paper we test if performance improves once goals become more attainable. Goal-setting literature suggests that workers respond to challenging but achievable goals with increased performance. Empirical evidence supports the notion of goals increasing performance; however the evidence on how attainability of goals affects performance is mixed. This paper tests whether efforts increase, improving performance as the goals become more attainable. We are employing a unique set of publicly available marathon data from 1970 to 2015 to directly analyze the effect of goal attainability on performance. With the probable goal of qualifying for the Boston Marathon, we test if runners increase their effort, and consequently improve their performance if they enter a new age group and as a result have a more attainable goal. We find that runners who enter a new age group perform better than the runners whose qualifying time did not change. This effect is seen with runners in younger age groups, but not found in the results of runners in more advanced years.     

非织造布持续发展的主要原因

从非织造布的应用、生产工艺、原料资源等方面，分析了非织造布持续发展的主要原因及其未来进展。     

口译笔记的认知理据

口译笔记是影响口译质量的一个重要因素。文章从认知科学的角度出发分析了口译笔记的特点和规律,指出口译笔记的具体操作和激活扩散模型、图式理论、连通主义等许多认知领域的研究成果有密切的联系,其中尤其是吉尔的精力分配理论,对如何做口译笔记有很强的实践指导作用。     

劳动力转移与粮食安全

中国快速城市化和工业化导致的大量农村劳动力向城市转移引起了决策者和学术界对粮食安全问题的担忧,但本文利用县级和农户面板数据研究发现：首先,即使到2010年,农村劳动力转移对粮食总产量的影响并不大,对主产区的粮食总产量的影响更小,这背后的机制是主产区农户会通过更多地增加其他农业生产要素来替代劳动力投入的减少;其次,劳动力转移对主产区和非主产区农户的粮食生产行为的影响以及对主要粮食作物和次要粮食作物的影响都有所不同。总之,农村劳动力迁移尚未严重威胁到中国的粮食安全,当然,政府应针对粮食主产区和非主产区实施不同的政策以保持粮食总产量的稳定,特别是要鼓励主产区的耕地流转以降低劳动力迁移的负面影响。     

机会不平等的衡量：参数测度法的应用与改进

本文在考虑不可测环境和努力变量的影响,以及处理环境和努力变量相关性的基础上,改进机会不平等的参数测度法,并运用这一方法对中国居民收入分配的机会不平等程度进行数量测度。结果显示：样本期间,机会不平等占收入不平等的比例平均达到29%左右;分解结果显示,可测环境变量导致的机会不平等占收入不平等的比重维持在27%左右,不可测环境变量对收入不平等的贡献平均而言只有2%左右。此外,家庭教育背景差异、区域差距、城乡差距和性别歧视构成了现阶段中国居民机会不平等的主要来源。本文认为,为降低中国居民收入的机会不平等程度,政府应对因外部环境不利而陷入贫困的居民进行救济和补偿,为弱势群体依靠自己的努力取得成功创造条件和提供平台。     

zipf与省力原则

本文首先介绍Zipf的生平及以其名字命名的定律,然后讨论了省力原则与Zipf定律的关系:即,省力原则是单一化力量跟多样化力量之间的妥协,Zipf定律是省力原则的体现。并指出,省力原则与语言冗余现象不矛盾。在后半部分,我们讨论了省力原则与语用学的关系。Grice(1978)曾提出修订版奥卡姆剃刀(Occam’sRazor),这跟省力原则有明显的联系。Horn(1984)则进一步把Zipf的省力原则跟Grice的准则结合起来,提出了Q原则和R原则。Sperber和Wilson(1986/1995)的关联原则也谈到了省力问题,但他们的理论的解释力不如Horn的两原则大。最后,我们通过具体讨论如何理解anX,论证了我们的论点。     

双弹性牛仔布织造工艺探讨

本文介绍了双弹性牛仔布的织造工艺流程,并对其技术攻关采取的措施加以总结。     

经验、努力程度对审计判断偏误的影响研究

审计质量的好坏直接影响着资本市场能否稳定运行,而影响审计质量的一个重要因素是审计判断偏误。时近效应和证实性偏误是运用锚定与调整启发法进行判断时容易产生的两种判断偏误。本文以我国注册会计师审计为背景,采用实验的方法,检验了审计人员经验、努力程度对这两种判断偏误的影响。实验结果表明:在简单任务中,审计人员的经验够消除时近效应,在复杂任务中,审计人员努力程度的提高有助于降低时近效应的程度,而且审计人员的经验和努力程度对时近效应产生了明显的共同影响;经验和努力程度对证实性偏误没有明显的影响。     

Emerging inequality in effort: A longitudinal investigation of parental involvement and early elementary school-aged children’s learning time in Japan

While studies on effort (e.g., Carbonaro, 2005; Kariya, 2000, 2013) have revealed relationships among students’ effort (e.g., self-reported learning time), socioeconomic status, and school-related factors (e.g., tracking) through secondary education data, whether and how the effort gap emerges and widens in the early years of compulsory education have not been researched. This study investigates the beginning of inequality in effort by using four waves (from first- to fourth-grade students) of the Longitudinal Survey of Babies in the 21st Century, collected in Japan. The results indicate that college-educated parents tend to employ parenting practices that directly and indirectly shape children’s learning time; inequality in effort exists, and it becomes exacerbated partly because of parenting differences in a society with a relatively equal elementary education system.