Asian children’s verbal development: A comparison of the United States and Australia

Using longitudinal cohort studies from Australia and the United States, we assess the pervasiveness of the Asian academic advantage by documenting White-Asian differences in verbal development from early to middle childhood. In the United States, Asian children begin school with higher verbal scores than Whites, but their advantage erodes over time. The initial verbal advantage of Asian American children is partly due to their parent’s socioeconomic advantage and would have been larger had it not been for their mother’s English deficiency. In Australia, Asian children have lower verbal scores than Whites at age 4, but their scores grow a faster rate and converge towards those of Whites by age 8. The initial verbal disadvantage of Asian Australian children is partly due to their mother’s English deficiency and would have been larger had it not been for their Asian parent’s educational advantage. Asian Australian children’s verbal scores grow at a faster pace, in part, because of their parent’s educational advantage.     

Logical abilities and behavior in strategic-form games

This paper investigates the impact of cognitive abilities and preferences on behavior in games. We first measure subjects’ logical abilities and social preferences and then evaluate their influence on behavior in strategic-form games. For this purpose, we estimate how logical abilities and preferences relate to the probability of a subject being of a specific behavioral type. We find that better logical abilities increase the likelihood of sophisticated behavior. This shift is stronger for subjects who are classified as “selfish”. However, not even the most logically able, selfish subjects are identified as Nash types.     

Race–gender Differences in Risk and Protective Factors among Youth in Residential Group Homes

Analysis reported here examined youth in residential group home placements in order to better understand how sexual behaviors, drug use, and environmental experiences differ by race and gender subgroups. Data were collected from 336 youth aged 14–21 residing in one of 41 group homes in Maryland. Chi square and logistic regression analyses were done to determine differences on study variables among the race-gender groupings. Results demonstrate not only significant health concerns overall but notable differences were also found between race-gender subgroups. Findings suggest that found race-gender subgroup differences might be informative for tailoring programming for youth of residential group home settings.     

《新菩萨经》、《劝善经》背后的疾病恐慌——试论唐五代主要疾病种类

敦煌写本《新菩萨经》、《劝善经》是8—10世纪民间流行的“伪经”,它们预言某些种类疾病的发生,劝人诵佛号、写经、修功德以免灾,体现出时人对这些疾病的恐惧,是研究唐五代时期主要疾病种类不可多得的宝贵史料。通过对写本中病名含义的分析,可以判断出对当时人健康威胁最大的疾病是传染病,尤以疟疾为甚,其次是心脑血管疾病、消化系统疾病、泌尿系统疾病、难产及其它围产期疾病等等。另外,写本中体现出来的地域特征表明两经中的各种疾病是唐五代时期中国北方的主要疾病种类,而这些疾病种类与自然环境及唐代历史进程的关系值得关注。     

社会主义市场经济与教师工资

社会主义市场经济与教师工资王建立，王成升，李书欣随着社会主义市场经济的建立和发展，教师工资与市场的关系越来越密切。本文试从市场经济的角度，谈谈教师工资问题。一、教师劳动力价值是教师工资的下限教师劳动力在教育教学过程中被消耗，要使教育教学活动顺利进行，...     

Nurture net of nature: Re-evaluating the role of shared environments in academic achievement and verbal intelligence

Prominent authors in the behavioral genetics tradition have long argued that shared environments do not meaningfully shape intelligence and academic achievement. However, we argue that these conclusions are erroneous due to large violations of the additivity assumption underlying behavioral genetics methods – that sources of genetic and shared and nonshared environmental variance are independent and non-interactive. This is compounded in some cases by the theoretical equation of the effective and objective environments, where the former is defined by whether siblings are made more or less similar, and the latter by whether siblings are equally subject to the environmental characteristic in question. Using monozygotic twin fixed effects models, which compare outcomes among genetically identical pairs, we show that many characteristics of objectively shared environments significantly moderate the effects of nonshared environments on adolescent academic achievement and verbal intelligence, violating the additivity assumption of behavioral genetic methods. Importantly, these effects would be categorized as nonshared environmental influences in standard twin models despite their roots in shared environments. These findings should encourage caution among those who claim that the frequently trivial variance attributed to shared environments in behavioral genetic models means that families, schools, and neighborhoods do not meaningfully influence these outcomes.     

An Annotated Bibliography of Verbal Behavior Scholarship Published Outside of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior: 2014

This annotated bibliography summarizes journal articles on verbal behavior published outside of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, the primary journal for scholarship in this area. Seventeen such articles were published in 2014 and are annotated as a resource for practitioners, researchers, and educators.     

The relationship between neighborhood racial concentration and verbal ability: An investigation using the institutional resources model

Relatively few studies examine the relationship between racial residential segregation and educational or cognitive outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the institutional resources model of neighborhood effects, I investigate one account of how macrostructural arrangements between race, neighborhood segregation, and school quality interact to produce inequalities in test scores. Consistent with the institutional resources model, results suggest that school quality varies across neighborhoods based, in part, on their degree of racial concentration. Indeed, school quality and other school characteristics mediate the relationship between racial concentration and verbal skills, particularly among black males. These findings have implications not only for inequalities in cognitive skills among blacks across residential space, but also between blacks and whites given high levels of residential segregation in the United States. In sum, findings illustrate yet another way in which residential segregation contributes to, and not merely reflects, racial inequalities.     

言语交际中模糊语言的认知语用功能

认知语用学的关联理论认为言语交际是有目的、有意图的认知活动.言语交际中广泛存在的模糊语言是言者、话语、听者和语境四个要素共同作用的结果.本文以关联理论为依据,综合考虑这四个要素对日常言语交际中的模糊语言的认知语用功能进行了分析.本研究结果有助于人们更有效地进行人际交往,提高交际效率,同时也有助于揭示人类模糊语言的一些认知特点.     

浅析地方政府行政行为的失范——以污染型企业的治理为例

地方政府的行政行为是否规范关系到中国的改革开放能否向纵深发展。本文针对目前我国地方政府在对污染型企业治理中存在的失范现象,全面分析了产生这些失范行为的主要原因,并相应的提出了规范地方政府失范行为的基本途径。