Latent classes and group membership

A technique for analyzing group membership data, such as interlocking directorates, based on the assumption of latent classes of individuals, is described and illustrated with two data sets. The technique partitions individuals and/or groups into homogeneous sets and can be used to create measures of structural centrality for groups and for individuals.     

科学知识与哲学知识中的时空问题

科学知识中的时间和空间是客观的物质的,具有不以人的意志为转移的客观性。其时间具有过去——现在——未来的发展的一维性,而其空间具有三维性或与时间相结合的四维性。而哲学知识中的时间和空间具有主、客观统一的异质性、可逆性。其时间具有以现在为基础和中心的向心性,以及以未来为中心的预设目标的超越性;其空间具有以人自身和人的创造物为中心和尺度的向心性。造成这种状况的原因是:科学活动中以尽量排除人的心理和人的活动的因素的干扰而保持科学成果的纯粹客观性,而哲学活动作为一种对整体性的追求和对前提条件的不断追问,把人的活动,特别是产生创造物的物质和精神活动及其结果看作是主客观统一的过程和结果,正是人的精神的以人为中心的向心性和可逆性、无限的个体性赋予了哲学(还有艺术、宗教等反思性知识)知识具有主、客观统一的异质性、可逆性、向心性等。由于人的生活、特别是物质生产活动具有人的意识的对象化、客观化和客观事物及其规律对人的内化和理性化统一的特点,所以,社会历史的实践活动中,科学知识的时间和空间以及哲学知识的时间和空间互为前提和基础,相互促进和转化。     

复杂网络节点中心性

将网络中心性方法按照理论特征划分为节点关联性、网络最短路和模拟流问题,并对现实网络的局域性、信息完备性和动态性进行了深入分析,在此基础上建立了中心性方法与实际网络之间的匹配关系.     

A network centrality bias: Central individuals in workplace networks have more supportive coworkers

Combining the results of two empirical studies, we investigate the role of alters’ motivation in explaining change in ego’s network position over time. People high in communal motives, who are prone to supportive and altruistic behavior in their interactions with others as a way to gain social acceptance, prefer to establish ties with co-workers occupying central positions in organizational social networks. This effect results in a systematic network centrality bias: The personal network of central individuals (individuals with many incoming ties from colleagues) is more likely to contain more supportive and altruistic people than the personal network of individuals who are less central (individuals with fewer incoming ties). This result opens the door to the possibility that the effects of centrality so frequently documented in empirical studies may be due, at least in part, to characteristics of the alters in an ego’s personal community, rather than to egos themselves. Our findings invite further empirical research on how alters’ motives affect the returns that people can reap from their personal networks in organizations.     

Closeness centrality via the Condorcet principle

We provide a characterization of closeness centrality in the class of distance-based centralities. To this end, we introduce a natural property, called majority comparison, that states that out of two adjacent nodes the one closer to more nodes is more central. We prove that any distance-based centrality that satisfies this property gives the same ranking in every graph as closeness centrality. The axiom is inspired by the interpretation of the graph as an election in which nodes are both voters and candidates and their preferences are determined by the distances to the other nodes.     

Social centrality and aggressive behavior in the elementary school: Gender segregation,social structure,and psychological factors

In this paper, we build on key findings in the sociological literature regarding different patterns of association between social centrality and overt aggressive behavior in the context of same‐and‐cross gender social interactions. We explore these associations in a population of urban elementary school students ( = 8.62, SD = 0.69, N = 848), while addressing claims that the role of psychological factors is overstated in this literature. Our results indicate that, on average, social centrality is positively associated with aggressive behavior for boys, but negatively for girls. We also find a moderating effect indicating that the proportion of male peers with whom participants are reported to hang around, as well as their own gender play a role in the association between social centrality and aggression. These findings are discussed in the context of an ecological perspective on human development in which interactions among individuals, their social groups, and key environments are viewed as central to shaping developmental pathways.     

比克顿的语言哲学观对高校英语口语教学的启示

比克顿认为,语言的功能就是交际,表达和分析人类自身意识。他的语言观有建构主义的色彩。本文通过对比克顿语言哲学观的分析,得到了关于高校英语口语教学的几点启示：1）高校英语口语教学要重视学习者跨文化交际能力培养,2）高校英语口语教学中,教师应该以指导的角色帮助学生发展自主学习能力,3）在高校英语口语教学课堂中引入“浸入式”和“任务型”相结合的教学新模式,4）强调课堂口语教学的教育意义,促进学习者综合素质的全面发展。这些启示可以引起高校英语口语教师的思考。     

New frontiers facing urban sociology at the Millennium

The article examines some of the major challenges facing urban sociology at century's end given its traditions and lineages. These challenges arise out of the intersection of major macrosocial trends and their particular spatial patterns. The city and the metropolitan region emerge as one of the strategic sites where these macrosocial trends materialize and hence can be constituted as an object of study. Among these trends are globalization and the rise of the new information technologies, the intensifying of transnational and translocal dynamics, and the strengthening presence and voice of specific types of socio‐cultural diversity. Each one of these trends has its own specific conditionalities, contents and consequences for cities, and for theory and research. Cities are also sites where each of these trends interacts with the others in distinct, often complex manners, in a way they do not in just about any other setting. The city emerges once again as a strategic lens for the study of major macrosocial transformations as it was in the origins of sociology. Can urban sociology address these challenges and in so doing once again produce some of the analytic tools for understanding the broader transformation?     

连带责任治理在供应商集群中的有效性研究

在核心企业与供应商集群的渠道关系情境下探讨连带责任治理对机会主义行为的作用,将网络中心性和使用渠道权力纳入连带责任治理研究框架,考察二者对机会主义行为的影响以及对连带责任与机会主义行为之间关系的调节效应。以一家出口企业的供应商集群为研究对象,获得82个连带责任小组样本共246个被调查者的调查数据,应用SPSS 19．0软件和层级回归法对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明,供应商之间的连带责任对其机会主义行为有显著的抑制作用;供应商领导者的网络中心性负向影响其他供应商成员的机会主义行为,并强化连带责任对机会主义行为的抑制作用;核心企业通过使用渠道权力负向影响供应商集群的机会主义行为,但会弱化连带责任对机会主义行为的抑制作用。