论我国刑事诉讼中“非法证据”的界定标准

在刑事非法证据排除规则的具体运用中,"非法证据"的界定是当然前提。非法证据并非是任一证据合法性要件欠缺的广义非法证据,而专指取证主体通过严重非法的手段或者侵犯公民基本权利的方式所获取的证据材料。我国刑事非法证据包括非法言词证据和非法实物证据两类,两类非法证据在实际判断中虽存在差异,但都应围绕取证手段的非法性展开,分别考察取证手段是否违反法律规定以及违法的严重程度,以准确界定刑事非法证据的范围。     

Inference and Decision Making for 21st-Century Drug Development and Approval

ABSTRACT

The cost and time of pharmaceutical drug development continue to grow at rates that many say are unsustainable. These trends have enormous impact on what treatments get to patients, when they get them and how they are used. The statistical framework for supporting decisions in regulated clinical development of new medicines has followed a traditional path of frequentist methodology. Trials using hypothesis tests of “no treatment effect” are done routinely, and the p-value < 0.05 is often the determinant of what constitutes a “successful” trial. Many drugs fail in clinical development, adding to the cost of new medicines, and some evidence points blame at the deficiencies of the frequentist paradigm. An unknown number effective medicines may have been abandoned because trials were declared “unsuccessful” due to a p-value exceeding 0.05. Recently, the Bayesian paradigm has shown utility in the clinical drug development process for its probability-based inference. We argue for a Bayesian approach that employs data from other trials as a “prior” for Phase 3 trials so that synthesized evidence across trials can be utilized to compute probability statements that are valuable for understanding the magnitude of treatment effect. Such a Bayesian paradigm provides a promising framework for improving statistical inference and regulatory decision making.     

实现公有制与市场经济有效结合的四大层次

因所有制关系是生产关系的总和,所有制必须实现在社会生产再生产的过程之中,因此,我们必须从四大层次实现公有制与市场经济的有效结合。一是所有制结构层次。保持公有制主体地位是保证社会主义市场经济体制有效运作的基础,要大力发展多种所有制经济。二是公有制实现形式层次。更新公有制的微观实现形式,更新公有制的宏观实现形式。三是企业制度层次。建立国有资产出资人制度,合理配置股权,强化所有者约束功能,加强治理结构中的权利组织建设,建立权责分明的组织体系。四是社会剩余产品分配层次。按劳分配与按生产要素分配相结合是通过三个层次实现的:微观经济领域的运行层次,微观经济领域中的所有制结构层次,宏观经济运行层次。     

近代中国整合中西文化冲突的价值选择模式及现代启示

中国近代文化变迁的过程 ,在一定意义上表现为中西文化的冲突与整合的过程。为整合中西文化冲突 ,近代中国先后采取了文化传统主义、文化折中主义、文化虚无主义与文化综合创新等价值选择模式。近代文化整合的经验教训启示我们 ,在新时期文化建设问题上 ,必须正确处理文化的一元与多元、整体性与可分性、时代性与民族性的关系 ,坚持走综合创新之路     

论电子证据的法律地位

随着科学技术的进步和计算机的广泛运用 ,电子证据在刑事诉讼活动和证明过程中占有日益显著的地位。作为对新生事物的关注 ,我国法学理论界对电子证据的法律地位、种类归属及证据力等问题的研究在近年内也缓慢起步。因此 ,当前有必要从电子证据的收集与提取、资格与归属、认证与证明力各环节出发 ,对电子证据进行更加深入的理论分析和探讨 ,从而作出新的立法构想与安排 ,以弥补旧有制度的缺陷 ,并适应社会进步和国际发展趋势。     

论所用权 --与民法所有权的比较分析

所有权是民法 (外 )物权的核心 ,而所用权则是经济法 (内 )物权的核心。创设所用权具有重大的理论意义和实践意义 ,因为这是在财富创造的竞争中赋予人们一种新的权利并使之得到法制的保障 ,这有利于我们坚持“发展才是硬道理”的原则 ,从而把我国的经济建设搞得更好     

德国证据禁止理论对中国的启示

近代以来，国内学者一直探讨美国的“毒树之果”理论，讨论我国是否应该建立非法证据的排除规则。在近代的联邦德国，也有证据排除理论，名为“证据禁止”理论，它与美国的毒树之果理论相比，更加注重在司法实践中的应用。探讨联邦德国禁止使用的证据是否有“远距离的影响”，即德国的“毒树之果”是否应当排除其证明力，以期找到该理论对中国的启示。     

ASSESSING CONGRUENCEAMONG DISTANCE MATRICES: SINGLE-MALT SCOTCH WHISKIES REVISITED

A test of congruence among distance matrices is described. It tests the hypothesis that several matrices, containing different types of variables about the same objects, are congruent with one another, so they can be used jointly in statistical analysis. Raw data tables are turned into similarity or distance matrices prior to testing; they can then be compared to data that naturally come in the form of distance matrices. The proposed test can be seen as a generalization of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence to any number of distance matrices. This paper shows that the new test has the correct rate of Type I error and good power. Power increases as the number of objects and the number of congruent data matrices increase; power is higher when the total number of matrices in the study is smaller. To illustrate the method, the proposed test is used to test the hypothesis that matrices representing different types of organoleptic variables (colour, nose, body, palate and finish) in single‐malt Scotch whiskies are congruent.     

Fast retraction of evidence in a probabilistic expert system

We present and justify a propagation algorithm to facilitate the simultaneous calculation, for every node in a probabilistic exper system of the distribution of the associated random quantity, conditional on all the evidence obtained about the remaining nodes.     

论庭前证据交换制度

证据交换制度作为民事诉讼的一项重要制度有其自身的发展历程,从而显示了其重要的意义,并得到了各国的重视。我国也建立了民事诉讼证据交换制度,但仍存在着很多缺陷,所以有必要对我国的民事诉讼证据交换制度进行完善。