Global Innovation Networks – Organizations and People

Innovation is increasingly the outcome of global networks that connect geographically dispersed knowledge centers. The international business (IB) literature has developed a sophisticated understanding of the multinational enterprise (MNE) as an organization generates value by integrating knowledge across national borders. We advance this literature by making three key arguments. First we highlight the three megatrends that shape the strategy of the modern MNE: the disaggregation of the value chain into ever narrower activities, the migration of value to knowledge-intensive intangibles and the rise of huge emerging markets like China and India, whose domestic firms can grow to enormous size before venturing abroad. Second, we trace these three megatrends to falling spatial transaction costs, enabled in the main, by digitalization. Third, we draw on earlier research on the generic forms of global linkages, arguing that the IB literature has limited itself to organizational pipelines, while paying relatively little attention to personal relationships. The latter are particularly important in the genesis of both entrepreneurship and radical innovation, but are particularly sensitive to the anti-globalization policies. An environment where technology continues to reduce spatial transaction costs, while policy raises them, strengthens large MNEs at the expense of innovative international new ventures.     

产业集群中产业关联对FDI引力分析

为探索产业集群对FDI产生吸引力的条件，在对相关文献进行梳理总结的基础上，对同一区域内不同产业部门集群对FDI引力进行研究。通过引入影响力系数和感应度系数，推演出FDI引力系数模型来表征各产业部门集群对FDI的引力能力。并以沈阳市普通机械制造业、专用设备制造业及交通运输设备制造业三个已经具有产业集群特点的制造业部门为研究对象，验证了模型的合理性，结果表明：产业关联程度强的产业部门集群吸引FDI的能力也相对较强。     

Which Domestic Firms Benefit from FDI? Evidence from Selected African Countries

The existing literature on the effects of FDI inflows on domestic firms' performance offers ambiguous evidence. Macro‐level studies suggest that the characteristics of inward FDI and the ‘absorptive capacity’ of the host economy matter in determining the sign (or the mere existence) of these effects. Studies based on micro‐level data have so far mostly focused on finding a nexus between FDI inflows and the productivity of domestic firms, suggesting that the effects might be highly heterogeneous. This article, using a recent firm‐level survey conducted by UNIDO in 19 sub‐Saharan African countries, explores the channels through which multinational enterprises may exert an impact on local firms: products’ market, input availability and costs, access to finance and export opportunities, and analyses the strategic reactions of domestic firms induced by the presence of foreign affiliates.     

中国区域建筑业的产业关联空间差异性三维系统分析

从系统的角度,提出了“发展关联、竞争关联与协作关联”三维产业关联分析框架,为全面、系统地分析特定产业的发展状况提供了新思路,并将研究思路运用到中国建筑产业中,首先将中国31个省份划分为8个区域,然后分别测算8个区域建筑产业的发展关联、竞争关联与协作关联.研究发现:发展关联维度下,全国8大区域内建筑产业影响力系数均超过了1,建筑产业在各区域经济中发挥着重要作用;感应系数普遍较低,维持在0.6,处于偏低状态.竞争关联维度下,8大区域中,京津、东部沿海和南部沿海三区域建筑产业溢出效应明显;相比之下,东北地区与中部地区的建筑产业对其他区域整体经济拉动作用甚微.协作关联维度下,各区域施工与咨询行业均呈现出高度相关性,目前中国区域内的咨询与施工主要以区域内的业务为主.需要强调的是,东部沿海施工与咨询的相关性很差.     

论国际投资中东道国后向关联促进政策的选择

最新的第三代外资促进政策是以促进跨国公司在本国的关联为特征的.近年来,无论是跨国公司还是东道国政府都逐步认识到在跨国公司子公司与东道国供应商之间建立和深化后向关联对双方都有极大的利益.东道国政府可以采取措施降低跨国公司子公司和(或)东道国供应商双方的交易成本并提高建立后向关联的回报,从而达到鼓励后向关联的建立和深化的目的.东道国政府能够影响跨国公司子公司与本国供应商建立和深化关联的政策措施均有其独特的适用条件,这些措施包括东道国调节进口关税水平、豁免跨国公司子公司的税收等.     

The Network Origins of Aggregate Fluctuations

This paper argues that, in the presence of intersectoral input–output linkages, microeconomic idiosyncratic shocks may lead to aggregate fluctuations. We show that, as the economy becomes more disaggregated, the rate at which aggregate volatility decays is determined by the structure of the network capturing such linkages. Our main results provide a characterization of this relationship in terms of the importance of different sectors as suppliers to their immediate customers, as well as their role as indirect suppliers to chains of downstream sectors. Such higher‐order interconnections capture the possibility of “cascade effects” whereby productivity shocks to a sector propagate not only to its immediate downstream customers, but also to the rest of the economy. Our results highlight that sizable aggregate volatility is obtained from sectoral idiosyncratic shocks only if there exists significant asymmetry in the roles that sectors play as suppliers to others, and that the “sparseness” of the input–output matrix is unrelated to the nature of aggregate fluctuations.     

简单连杆机构传动函数的付里叶展开及其应用

本文研究了四种简单连杆机构传动函数的付里叶展开，指出了机构尺度特征值对付里叶系数的影响，从而为机构动力学研究提供了有力工具。     

Young Adolescents' Patterns of Involvement with Siblings and Friends

We identified different patterns in young adolescents' experiences with their siblings and their friends and investigated the connections between these relationship patterns and both young adolescents' psychosocial functioning and the characteristics of their family and neighbourhood contexts. Participants were 141 families, including mothers, fathers, young adolescents (M = 11.4 years), and their younger siblings (M = 8.3 years). Cluster analysis revealed three groups of young adolescents: (1) high intimacy and involvement with sibling, high intimacy with friend but low involvement with friends ('Differentiated'); (2) high intimacy and involvement with friend but not sibling ('Incongruent'); and (3) low involvement and intimacy with both sibling and friend ('Congruent'). The Congruent pattern was associated with young adolescents' personal characteristics and their parent-adolescent relationship experiences. In contrast, the Incongruent and Differentiated profiles were linked to contextual factors (i.e., family and neighbourhood resources). Findings suggest that individual differences exist in the associations between young adolescents' relationships with siblings and friends.     

16世纪、17世纪东盎格利亚地区与英格兰国内外市场联系初探

东盎格利亚地区是英格兰的一个传统行政区,中世纪时期这一地区的发展主要是区域内的;到了十六、十七世纪,随着以伦敦为中心的国内市场体系的形成,东盎格利亚地区通过毛纺织品和农产品贸易,逐渐与国内外市场建立了密切的联系,并在国内外市场中起着重要的作用。这一时期东盎格利亚经济的发展变化,是英格兰从区域经济向整体经济转型的一个缩影。这将有助于加深我们对英格兰经济社会转型的认识。