The effects of social and political openness on the welfare state in 18 OECD countries

Studies examining the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state tend to focus on the effects of economic dimensions of globalisation, the extent to which a country is part of the world market. Globalisation also has social and political dimensions and the effects of these on welfare states – in terms of social security transfers and generosity – are studied in this article. Data from the KOF Index of Globalisation , the OECD Historical Statistics and the Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset are used to analyse the effects of social and political openness on the welfare states of 18 countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development between 1970 and 2000. The analyses show that social security transfers and generosity have increased less in countries with the highest increase in social openness and that the welfare state is not affected by political openness.     

保鲜投入影响需求的社区生鲜O2O模式选择与协调研究

在由一个生鲜电商和社区零售店组成的生鲜O2O供应链中,生鲜电商可选择批发模式或佣金模式与社区零售店进行合作。本文考虑价格、保鲜投入水平和增值服务水平影响生鲜农产品需求,分别构建批发模式与佣金模式下的供应链博弈模型,分析了不同模式下新鲜度敏感系数对供应链最优决策的影响,探究了生鲜电商的最优合作模式选择问题。针对生鲜电商和零售店可实现合作模式改善的情形,设计了转移支付契约,分析了合作模式改善对定价、服务和保鲜策略的影响。研究表明,当佣金率低于(高于)1/2时,若保鲜效率较低,生鲜电商选择佣金(批发)模式,若保鲜效率较高,生鲜电商选择批发(佣金)模式。当保鲜效率很低且服务效率相对较高时,零售店总是更偏好佣金模式,但其要求的佣金率不宜过高,否则生鲜电商会选择对其次优的批发模式。当保鲜效率和服务效率都较低时,合作模式的改善不仅能实现供应链成员利润改善,还可以使消费者以低价买到优质的生鲜农产品,增加消费者剩余。     

创新的误识与突围的努力--对当下《文学原理》教材取样分析

当下文学原理文本存在的主要问题是:身份的丢失,体态的臃肿,求新的错位,拓展的误识,话语的拼接,思想的罗列.作为文学原理,应该确立其形而上性、经典性、适用性的学术品格,使文学原理真正成为文艺学学科的学理依托和适合教学的教材文本.     

Agreement and discrepancy between children,parents, and social workers on school‐based effort avoidance in child welfare services

A multiperspective approach is beneficial for obtaining reliable and multifaceted pictures of child behaviour problems. The goal of the present study is to examine interrater agreement on school‐based effort avoidance between children receiving child welfare services, parents, and social workers. Given previous findings, interrater agreement is expected to be low. Self‐reported data on school‐based effort avoidance were gathered for children and adolescents in child welfare services. Additionally, social workers (using the Teacher‐Report Checklist for social and learning behaviour) and parents (using the parallel version of the self‐rating questionnaire on school‐based effort avoidance) were asked to complete an external assessment tool to compare children's perspectives with the ratings of significant adults. The results confirmed significant discrepancies between parents' and children's ratings on effort avoidance tendencies. Furthermore, there were only small to moderate correlations between children's self‐ratings and the adults' assessments; however, the consensus between adults was higher than the interrater agreement between children and social workers. Discrepancies in ratings from multiple informants underline the importance of integrating multiple perspectives, especially children's perspectives, in the diagnostic process in order to plan and adapt appropriate care and treatment.     

Reciprocal relationships between psychosocial work characteristics and sleep problems: A two-wave study

Sleep problems are common and impair the health and productivity of employees. Work characteristics constitute one possible cause of sleep problems, and sleeping poorly might influence wellbeing and performance at work. This study examines the reciprocal associations between sleep problems and psychosocial work characteristics. The participants were 1744 full-time employed individuals (56% women; mean age 38 years in 2007) from the Young Finns study who responded to questionnaires on work characteristics (conceptualised by the demand–control model and effort–reward imbalance model) and sleep problems (Jenkins Sleep Scale) in 2007 and 2012. Cross-lagged structural equation models are used to examine the associations. The results show that low control and low rewards at baseline predicted sleep problems. Baseline sleep problems predicted higher effort, higher effort–reward imbalance, and lower reward. Sleep problems also predicted lower odds for belonging to the low (rather than high) job strain group and active jobs group. The association between work characteristics and sleep problems appears to be reciprocal, with a stressful work environment increasing sleep problems, and sleep problems influencing future work characteristics. The results emphasise the importance of interventions aimed at both enhancing sleep quality and reducing psychosocial risks at work.     

顾客积极反馈对一线员工努力意向的影响分析

尽管顾客反馈会在一定程度上影响一线服务员工的行为和态度，但有关这种逆向于传统营销研究视角的研究成果却很少。实际上，顾客的积极评价行为会增强一线服务员工的成就感，而顾客对服务员工的关系建设行为会增进一线员工感知的人际关系亲近程度，而员工的成就感和人际关系亲近程度的提高能进一步促进服务员工努力意向的提高。     

The Role of Effort in Shifting Preference for Feedback Stimuli

ABSTRACT

Researchers have examined preference for the format of delivery of feedback, however little research has examined strategies to increase feedback and praise desirability. The current study aimed to evaluate whether preference shifted for stimuli that signaled work and for manager-praise stimuli that were delivered after work. Moreover, we sought to understand if these preference shifts were greater when the work was higher-effort compared to lower-effort work tasks (a phenomenon described in the basic literature as within-trial contrast). The study took place in a simulated work environment. Sixteen university students clicked on a shape that produced the work task, completed a mock medical data-entry task, and received manager-praise on an FR1 and FR20 schedule. At the start of the study and following each contingency exposure trials, they completed a preference assessment for both the shapes and the manager-feedback stimuli. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of preference change for two categories of stimuli – shapes presented at the beginning of trials that signaled which condition participants were in and manager-praise stimuli presented at the end of trials. Preference for the shape stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli decreased indicating that stimuli that signal work may become less preferred. Preference for the manager-praise stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli increased suggesting that stimuli that follow work may become more preferred. Overall, these data suggest that the conditions under which managers deliver feedback and praise may influence preference for those stimuli.     

退耕还林:努力分配与补贴方式选择——退耕还林中期阶段的合作建设博弈

通过建立利益分配的委托—代理模型,对退耕还林工程中期阶段的补贴方式与努力分配的关系进行了研究。推演并证明了地方政府与农户偏好分成式补贴方式,主体在合作生产中的重要程度以及生态物品效用系数对于最优努力有正向影响。研究证明:在退耕还林中期阶段,中央政府、地方政府与农户的最优努力与各自的重要程度正相关,分成补贴方式可以提前最优努力到达的时间。在退耕还林中期阶段,分成补贴较之于一次性定额补贴,中央政府的最优努力不受影响,而地方政府与农户的最优努力均增加了。由此可知,政府应建立活立木市场、推行生态购买、加强生态环境宣传等公共政策,以期提高退耕还林工程的实施效率。     

基于加权案例推理模型族的软件成本SVR组合估算

精确地估算软件成本是软件项目成功开发的一个重要保证,直接影响着软件的风险控制和质量保证.为了更好地解决单一估算模型的不足,提出了集成多案例推理(CBR)模型的软件成本组合估算模型.首先,采用六种距离计算公式刻画新旧项目相似度,构建了六种CBR模型,并运用粒子群算法(PSO)来优化CBR模型族中的属性权重.其次,在CBR模型族的基础上,运用支持向量回归机(SVR)模型将不同CBR模型的估算结果进行集成,提高软件成本估算结果的精度.利用Deshamais数据库对模型有效性进行检验,实证结果表明,在六种CBR模型中Euc-CBR、Min-CBR、Gau-CBR和Mah-CBR模型估算结果没有明显差异,Gre-CBR和Man-CBR模型略优;提出的SVR组合估算模型估算精度明显优于单CBR模型和其他线性组合估算模型,能有效提高软件成本的估算精度.     

试论新闻策划的合力导向

加入WTO之后 ,国内媒体要想做大、做强 ,加大在国际上的声音 ,必须加强新闻策划 ,必须强调新闻合力 ,因此 ,研究新闻策划的合力导向是十分重要的。事实证明 ,媒介合力导向的传播效果来自于精深的策划 ,同样 ,新闻策划也需要发挥合力导向的作用 ,两者相辅相成 ,共同促进。在新闻策划的合力导向实施过程中 ,应遵循导向正确的原则、集思广益的原则、慎重筹划的原则以及目标整合的原则 ,以保证新闻传播事业能够形成整体功能和综合效应 ,使影响新闻事业效果的各个因素朝着正确的方向、沿着最佳的路线协调一致 ,同步前进。