“A rape was reported”: construction of crime in a university newspaper

Historically, the news media have engaged in high rates victim blaming in their reporting of sexual assaults. However, in recent years, gains in civil rights and renewed attention to Title IX may mean sexual assault victims are receiving less-biased news coverage. Using a content analysis, we examined the tone and message of all crime stories published in one United States university newspaper from academic year 2015–2016 (n = 99). Comparing attributions of responsibility made to both victims and offenders across several major crime categories (rape, murder, sexual assault, robbery, physical assault, sexual misconduct, and sexual abuse), and consistent with historical trends, we found higher levels of victim blaming in stories on rape and sexual assault than any other crime. We identify rhetorical devices commonly used to discredit the victim and/or absolve the perpetrator. Despite perceived gains achieved by Title IX, news coverage continues to buttress victim blaming culture.     

人民币加入ＳＤＲ 预期对其国际化的影响

一国货币的国际化程度主要体现在其国际影响力及对国际主要国家货币汇率波动的反应程度。人民币纳入ＳＤＲ 货币篮子将会改变人民币在国际货币金融体系中的地位与作用,从而影响人民币国际化程度。基于２０１５ 年８ 月１１ 日至２０１６ 年３ 月１６ 日的样本区间数据,通过构建ＶＡＲ模型实证检验人民币加入ＳＤＲ 预期因素对人民币国际化程度的影响。结果发现：第一,人民币加入ＳＤＲ 预期能够提升人民币在国际货币金融体系中的影响力,尤其是人民币对美元的影响力将大大增加,但是其对世界其他主要货币的影响力仍显不足;第二,样本区间内,人民币自由化程度并没有提升,因为人民币汇率并没有随着世界主要货币汇率的波动而有所变化。     

论发展低碳经济的减排政策工具

为解决温室气体排放的外部性问题,各种减排政策工具应运而生。根据作用效果的不同,可分为抑制排放的政策工具和鼓励促进低排放的政策工具。在抑制排放的政策工具中,碳税和碳排放交易采用了不同的政策机理,碳税更适用于市场机制不完善的发展中国家,而碳排放交易则更适用于市场机制比较完善、经济发展成熟的发达国家。在鼓励促进低排放的政策工具中,通过综合运用财政补贴、税收优惠和差别定价等措施,对可再生能源的发展可发挥重要作用。     

减灾救灾社会责任及其机制研究

目前,中国处于对未来发展决策的关键时期,未来5年-10将决定中国未来的发展路向.应当让更多的人参与这个决定中国未来发展方向的决策中来,如果大部分认为我不能影响未来发展,我何必参与'或‘官员与商人决定未来,我只管自己的事情',那么中国就很难看到一个有效的发展规划和解决问题的一揽子措施.促进更多的人民参与将是我国应对危机的最有效的办法".     

小卫星项目的法律适用和发展趋势

具有高功能密度的小卫星项目蓬勃发展，大大增强了私营实体和非航天大国参与空间活动的能力，引发了规则修订的需求。国家应建立空间活动的分级、分类许可条件，放宽小卫星行业的准入要求，并根据小卫星项目的目的、成本、收益和风险来设定第三者责任保险要求，规范小卫星的登记实践。空间碎片减缓应作为小卫星项目许可条件之一，以切实履行国家的外空环境保护责任。应简化国际电信联盟卫星频率和轨道位置协调程序，建立适应小卫星轨道特性、运行寿命和业务类型的管理规则。     

Evaluation of strategies to mitigate contagion spread using social network characteristics

Computer simulation is an effective tool for assessing mitigation strategies, with recent trends concentrating on agent-based techniques. These methods require high computational efforts in order to simulate enough scenarios for statistical significance. The population individuals and their contacts determined by agent-based simulations form a social network. For some network structures it is possible to gain high accuracy estimates of contagion spread based on the connection structure of the network, an idea that is utilized in this work. A representative social network constructed from the 2006 census of the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario, Canada) of 5 million individuals in 1.8 million households is used to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. We examine the effects of six mitigation strategies with respect to their ability to contain disease spread as indicated by pre- and post-vaccination reproduction numbers, mean local clustering coefficients and degree distributions. One outcome of the analysis provides evidence supporting the design of mitigation strategies that aim to fragment the population into similarly sized components. While our analysis is framed in the context of pandemic disease spread, the approach is applicable to any contagion such as computer viruses, rumours, social trends, and so on.     

Disaster Management from a POM Perspective: Mapping a New Domain

We have reviewed disaster management research papers published in major operations management, management science, operations research, supply chain management and transportation/logistics journals. In reviewing these studies, our objective is to assess and present the macro level “architectural blue print” of disaster management research with the hope that it will attract new researchers and motivate established researchers to contribute to this important field. The secondary objective is to bring this disaster research to the attention of disaster administrators so that disasters are managed more efficiently and more effectively. We have mapped the disaster management research on the following five attributes of a disaster: (1) Disaster Management Function (decision‐making process, prevention and mitigation, evacuation, humanitarian logistics, casualty management, and recovery and restoration), (2) Time of Disaster (before, during and after), (3) Type of Disaster (accidents, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, terrorism and wildfires etc.), (4) Data Type (Field and Archival data, Real data and Hypothetical data), and (5) Data Analysis Technique (bidding models, decision analysis, expert systems, fuzzy system analysis, game theory, heuristics, mathematical programming, network flow models, queueing theory, simulation and statistical analysis). We have done cross tabulations of data among these five parameters to gain greater insights into disaster research. Recommendations for future research are provided.     

我国刑罚体系的回顾与前瞻

我国的刑罚体系经历了奴隶制刑罚、封建制刑罚、近代刑罚、当代刑罚,直至发展到现代刑罚。整个刑罚历史呈现出由残暴、落后朝着慎刑、文明的轻刑化方向发展。相较于其他先进国家和地区的刑罚体系而言,我国当前适用的刑罚体系在诸多方面仍表现出了重刑色彩。为实现刑罚的轻缓化,需要健全社区矫正制度,提升罚金刑的刑罚地位,并进一步完善资格刑的内容。除此之外,司法上的重视和重刑观念的转变则是刑罚轻缓化的最有效途径。实现刑罚轻缓化,应当做到司法先行,立法跟进。     

未生效合同辨析

未生效合同是合同效力缓和的重要制度，但中国合同法上未生效合同的性质、范围、责任性质和形式等均未明确，理论和实践中的认识也存在分歧。未生效合同的范围应当包括所附生效期限未届至的合同和所附生效条件未满足的合同。未生效是合同的阶段性描述而不是独立的效力形态，合同的最终效力仍应得到确认。合同未生效的责任是缔约过失责任。在附选择行为条件生效合同的效力责任形式中应引入相反推定，允许相对人选择合同效力。在附义务行为条件生效合同的效力责任中应引入强制履行、代替履行。     

Florida Households’ Expected Responses to Hurricane Hazard Mitigation Incentives

This study tested a series of models predicting household expectations of participating in hurricane hazard mitigation incentive programs. Data from 599 households in Florida revealed that mitigation incentive adoption expectations were most strongly and consistently related to hazard intrusiveness and risk perception and, to a lesser extent, worry. Demographic and hazard exposure had indirect effects on mitigation incentive adoption expectations that were mediated by the psychological variables. The results also revealed differences in the factors affecting mitigation incentive adoption expectations for each of five specific incentive programs. Overall, the results suggest that hazard managers are more likely to increase participation in mitigation incentive programs if they provide messages that repeatedly (thus increasing hazard intrusiveness) remind people of the likelihood of severe negative consequences of hurricane impact (thus increasing risk perception).