Comprehensive neighbourhood mapping: developing a powerful tool for child protection

This paper proposes ‘comprehensive neighbourhood mapping’ as a schema for gathering and interpreting information within a given geographical area which is informed by imaginative thinking about the safety of children and young people from sexual crime. It would build upon current forms of profiling by local authorities, health authorities and central Government. CNM would actively involve local people, in partnership with agencies, in ‘mapping’ danger points and support points. Eight components are discussed, including environmental issues, locations of sex offenders, sites where teenagers meet and share information, supportive individuals and organizations. Some issues for pilot projects are discussed, including the need to set up planning and implementation groups and to integrate CNM into wider child protection and community safety strategies. CNM is grounded in an ecological perspective which sees partnership approaches as essential and believes an overarching view of neighbourhood needs, based on detailed local information and understanding of how different forms of harm interconnect, is crucial in developing child protection strategies. At times of acute official anxiety about community ‘lynch‐mob’ reactions to known paedophiles, CNM aims to build communities which instead are informed and thoughtful about child protection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

更高层次的迈进——企业相对社会责任的实现

相对社会责任的承担与实现,对企业自身和社会都具有重大意义,但由于缺乏机制的制约和策略的应用,其实现是困难的。正确处理企业利益与社会责任的关系,促使更多企业从履行绝对社会责任,上升到追求更高层次社会责任的实现,一方面需要外在环境的保障,另一方面要求企业在履行社会责任时,注意策略选择。     

城市公众安全文化教育的方法与思路——兼议北京2008“安全奥运文化”普及问题

通过对安全文化发展演变历史的简单回眸,探讨了适用于城市安全减灾的安全文化教育的模式及方法,尤其从文化建设层面上研究了应用安全文化建设方法的特点。作为最现实的应用,还就2008年北京“安全奥运”的系统化建设提出了“安全奥运文化”普及教育的思路。     

A Risk-Based Method for Modeling Traffic Fatalities

We describe a risk-based analytical framework for estimating traffic fatalities that combines the probability of a crash and the probability of fatality in the event of a crash. As an illustrative application, we use the methodology to explore the role of vehicle mix and vehicle prevalence on long-run fatality trends for a range of transportation growth scenarios that may be relevant to developing societies. We assume crash rates between different road users are proportional to their roadway use and estimate case fatality ratios (CFRs) for the different vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-pedestrian combinations. We find that in the absence of road safety interventions, the historical trend of initially rising and then falling fatalities observed in industrialized nations occurred only if motorization was through car ownership. In all other cases studied (scenarios dominated by scooter use, bus use, and mixed use), traffic fatalities rose monotonically. Fatalities per vehicle had a falling trend similar to that observed in historical data from industrialized nations. Regional adaptations of the model validated with local data can be used to evaluate the impacts of transportation planning and safety interventions, such as helmets, seat belts, and enforcement of traffic laws, on traffic fatalities.     

论诚实信用原则——以安全为价值取向的新分析

诚实信用原则是民法和合同法的基本原则。它要求民事主体诚信行使权利和履行义务,在民事活动中友好待人,从而维持当事人之间的利益以及当事人利益和社会利益之间的平衡。中国新的合同法已经把诚实信用原则作为基本的原则并规定了一系列适用规则。这表明我国的合同法已经向现代法律理念靠拢。本文讨论了诚实信用原则的概念和特征,相信这个原则可以根本改善现行司法,并扩大法官权利使他们更独立和自由地行为。“诚信和正义”是这一原则的升华和最高理想,它应该被运用到民事司法实践中。“安全”是诚实信用的一个重要价值,本文拟以安全为价值对诚实信用原则进行新的分析。     

Improving the contributions of technology assessment to the health care system of the U.S.A.

Summary Based on 14 case studies of highly effective therapies and the reasons they succeeded less frequently than they could, we propose a variety of steps to improve the health care system of the U.S.A. Whatever proposal emerges from current national debates until innovations are shown to be safe and effective, they should not be supported; when slightly better technologies are much more expensive than other good ones we need to consider appropriate choices carefully; simplified billing and bookkeping would reduce our costs; when a technology is rapidly introduced cautionnary measures may be needed; tracking immunization and repairing their omissions requires a new system; educational programs such as seen effective in hypertension should be applied in other areas such as vaccination; in organ transplantation the nation should consider “presumed consent”; our payment system sometimes creates perverse incentives and therefore needs review; and the preferences of the public in allocation of health resources need to be discovered once the public is informed about the issues. Research supported by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.     

21世纪高校图书馆的读者服务

本文从职业道德、业务素质、服务方式三个方面讨论高校图书馆的读者服务工作。提出了如何加强职业道德建设，提高图书馆员业务素质，更新信息服务方式。     

Dose-Response and Risk Assessment of Airborne Hexavalent Chromium and Lung Cancer Mortality

This study evaluates the dose-response relationship for inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and lung cancer mortality for workers of a chromate production facility, and provides estimates of the carcinogenic potency. The data were analyzed using relative risk and additive risk dose-response models implemented with both Poisson and Cox regression. Potential confounding by birth cohort and smoking prevalence were also assessed. Lifetime cumulative exposure and highest monthly exposure were the dose metrics evaluated. The estimated lifetime additional risk of lung cancer mortality associated with 45 years of occupational exposure to 1 microg/m3 Cr(VI) (occupational exposure unit risk) was 0.00205 (90%CI: 0.00134, 0.00291) for the relative risk model and 0.00216 (90%CI: 0.00143, 0.00302) for the additive risk model assuming a linear dose response for cumulative exposure with a five-year lag. Extrapolating these findings to a continuous (e.g., environmental) exposure scenario yielded an environmental unit risk of 0.00978 (90%CI: 0.00640, 0.0138) for the relative risk model [e.g., a cancer slope factor of 34 (mg/kg-day)-1] and 0.0125 (90%CI: 0.00833, 0.0175) for the additive risk model. The relative risk model is preferred because it is more consistent with the expected trend for lung cancer risk with age. Based on statistical tests for exposure-related trend, there was no statistically significant increased lung cancer risk below lifetime cumulative occupational exposures of 1.0 mg-yr/m3, and no excess risk for workers whose highest average monthly exposure did not exceed the current Permissible Exposure Limit (52 microg/m3). It is acknowledged that this study had limited power to detect increases at these low exposure levels. These cancer potency estimates are comparable to those developed by U.S. regulatory agencies and should be useful for assessing the potential cancer hazard associated with inhaled Cr(VI).     

公司捐赠行为的效力分析--兼谈公司捐赠的立法完善

逾越权能原则在各国立法和司法实践中有日趋衰微的趋势。公司捐赠行为的效力与公司的目的范围具有密切的关系。法院在对公司捐赠行为的效力进行裁判的过程中是基于交易安全理念和对相关主体的利益平衡的基础上进行的。应该在立法中对公司捐赠行为的相关问题做出规定,以期公司法更加完善。     

我国传媒产业法律规制的调整与完善

我国传媒产业近年来快速发展,已经形成了相当的规模。从社会效益和公共安全的角度看,需要运用法律来规制和引导传媒的产业经营行为。由于我国的传媒产业发展所处的特殊历史背景和现实环境,使得传媒产业的法律规制方面存在诸多问题。因此,迫切需要通过调整管理理念、创新管理体制和构建较为完备的法律体系来加以解决。