Women’s mobility and ‘transport-related social exclusion’ in Bishkek

This paper analyses gendered mobilities in Bishkek in the space of the most popular form of public transport: the minibus, or ‘marshrutka’. As the means by which women often access various important sites of daily life, the marshrutka itself is a site of negotiation and interaction. Utilizing theories of mobility and empirical data, we argue that marshrutkas are spaces that can give rise to two dichotomous conditions: positive marshrutka experiences may increase the social mobility of female passengers and subsequently increase social empowerment and influence, while negative ones can provide the grounds for social exclusion and gender inequality.     

德语空间性状形容词的时间映射特质研究

基于认知隐喻理论，选择德语中14个表征空间性状的形容词，探究其时间映射特质。研究发现:长/短、大/小、远/近、高、深可表征时间，其余则无法表征时间。具体特质如下:存在“一维＞二维＞三维”映射维度等级；存在“长短＞远近＞高深/大小”映射宽幅等级；正向形容词比负向更易表征时间。这种映射特质主要与时空相似性、认知思维及隐喻操作有关。     

谈英语的体

研究英语的体应从研究动词情景入手。动词情景的分类应以三对内在体性为依据 ,按一定步骤进行。动词情景的内部时间构成成分与它们的内在体性有着密切关系。体就是看动词情景的内部时间构成成分的不同方式。体可分为三对体义。在英语中 ,体除了借助进行体和完成体表现外 ,更多的可借助时态或词化形式来表现     

从职业流动看失业阻滞与再就业机制

从职业流动视角来看 ,失业具有无流动性、下向流动性和被迫性 ;失业阻滞在于职业流动的规模不大 ,制度约束性太强和观念滞后 ;再就业具有上向流动性和主动性 ;再就业机制是一个由经济驱动机制、制度改革机制、就业观念转变机制和劳动力自由流动机制构成的综合性、动态性结构体系。     

没收财产刑中“财产”的时间限定

我国刑法关于没收财产刑的规定有一定缺陷,基于刑事责任的确立根据、刑罚的功能、他人合法行为的效力、刑罚的确定性、刑事政策等五个方面的理由,没收财产刑中的“财产”应当限定为犯罪行为实施时的财产。     

基于知识图谱的员工创新行为研究分析

以中国知网数据库2007—2017年收录的题名中含有“员工创新行为”的293篇期刊论文作为数据来源,借助CiteSpace5.0软件绘制可视化知识图谱,对该时间段国内员工创新行为研究的年度发文量、发文机构、文献来源机构、代表性学者及研究热点进行可视化分析。研究结果表明：2007—2010年,员工创新行为研究的载文量较少但呈逐步增长趋势,2010—2017年,员工创新行为发文量增长趋势明显;发文量排名前20的研究机构中有19个为高校;载文量在5篇以上的期刊主要为经济管理类期刊;其研究热点主要集中在员工创新行为主体研究,以及个人特征、领导力、组织文化与氛围等员工创新行为前因变量研究。未来的研究方向为：开发适合中国情境的员工创新行为量表,在整体视角下探讨不同创新主体之间的关联及员工创新行为的结果变量等。     

区域旅游业碳排放的时空差异——以山东省为例

碳排放问题是区域旅游业发展不可忽视的环境问题之一。根据相关统计数据,按照"自下而上"分析法对2000-2015年山东省旅游业碳排放进行定量估算,并采用系统聚类法将山东省旅游业碳排放划分为高、中、低三类碳排放区域,具体剖析山东省旅游业碳排放的区域差异。结果表明:（1）碳排放总量、游客人均碳排放量和碳排放强度是衡量区域旅游业碳排放的重要指标。2000-2015年山东省旅游业碳排放总量持续增长,而游客人均碳排放量和旅游业碳排放强度则逐年下降,旅游业节能减排取得一定成效。（2）区域旅游业三大部门碳排放存在明显差异,旅游交通是区域旅游业碳排放的主要来源,旅游活动碳排放增长速度最快,而旅游住宿碳排放波动性较大。2000-2015年山东省旅游业累积碳排放总量为4 764.05万吨,其中,旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动三大部门占比分别为66.52%、25.80%、7.68%。（3）区域旅游业碳排放水平空间差异显著。从空间分布上看,山东省旅游业碳排放总体上呈现东高西低、北高南低的特征,旅游业碳排放总量呈现出东部沿海 > 鲁中地区 > 鲁西地区,游客人均碳排放量和旅游业碳排放强度则是东部沿海 > 鲁西地区 > 鲁中地区;从碳排放指标上看,山东省大多数地市位于中高旅游业碳排放的行列,东部沿海是旅游业碳排放的主要来源区。     

Intergenerational Mobility Modes and Changes in Social Class in Contemporary China

Using data from three China General Social Surveys, this paper analyzes changes in the basic situation of intergenerational mobility among social classes in China over the past 60 years. General social mobility was found to have increased, but social openness tended to show a wave-like pattern of change. Despite this, intergenerational inheritance was the main form of intergenerational mobility in every period. With the transformation of the socioeconomic system, the main mechanism of social exclusion changed from “systemic exclusion” to “market exclusion,” leading to changes in the structure of social opportunity. As a result, the form taken by intergenerational mobility varied significantly. This is chiefly evident in the gradual decline in the dominance of intergenerational inheritance among particular strata, with cross-class cyclical mobility becoming more difficult. On the one hand, changes in the social exclusion mechanism may increase social openness, making society more dynamic and strengthening social legitimacy. On the other hand, as the dominant class learns how to use market exclusion to achieve class reproduction, class solidification may still be possible in a future Chinese society.     

Exclusion and vulnerability on public transit: experiences of transit dependent riders in Portland,Oregon

In urban areas, the inequitable distribution of transit systems and services has been shown to reproduce safety and environmental risks – potentially exacerbating preexisting inequities. Thus, how vulnerable populations access and utilize public transportation is of critical concern to urban scholars. This paper utilizes focus group data to explore how transit-dependent (particularly low-income) riders engage with the public transit system in Portland, Oregon. We illustrate specific ways in which transit-dependent riders experience marginalization and exclusion. We find that certain groups, particularly mothers with young children and those with disabilities are not well served by a public infrastructure oriented toward an ‘ideal rider’ who is an economically stable, able-bodied, white, male commuter. We conclude that a public infrastructure meant to serve all riders equitably, yet which fails to consider the unique experiences of marginalized transit users risks further amplifying existing social vulnerabilities and reinforcing gender, racial, and class inequalities.     

Time‐Space Distanciation: An Interdisciplinary Account of How Culture Shapes the Implicit and Explicit Psychology of Time and Space

The growing body of research on temporal and spatial experience lacks a comprehensive theoretical approach. Drawing on Giddens’ framework, we present time‐space distanciation (TSD) as a construct for theorizing the relations between culture, time, and space. TSD in a culture may be understood as the extent to which (1) time and space are abstracted as separate dimensions and (2) activities are extended and organized across time and space. After providing a historical account of its development, we outline a multi‐level conceptualization of TSD supported by research on cultural differences in the experience of time and space. We impact this conceptualization by examining two ethnographic case studies. We conclude by highlighting future research directions. TSD is an integrative, interdisciplinary, multi level construct with the potential to guide the burgeoning social science of time and space.