《伊利亚特》叙事中的“重复”——由一个阻碍叙事欣赏的问题而引发的思考

辩证理解"重复"在<伊利亚特>叙事中的作用,可有效消除该作的繁复叙事阻碍叙事欣赏这一困惑."重复"叙事是构成其繁复叙事的重要原因,"重复"是被其繁复叙事遮蔽了的一种叙事机制,是有利于增进其叙事效果而采用的一种看似单一却实质上威力强大的叙事手法.     

比喻:《伊利亚特》与《格萨尔》的共性修辞

《伊利亚特》与《格萨尔》两部史诗最为鲜明的共性修辞是比喻。明喻和博喻又是两史诗最为典型的比喻类别。从比喻修辞在两史诗中的具体表现,可以看到其不同史诗风格的区别:《伊利亚特》强调的是为细节真实而做的精雕细刻式的写实描述,注重动态性过程,反映的是逻辑严密的理性思维,中心是以时间贯穿着的叙事性;《格萨尔》重在为情感抒发而做的写意描述,喻体多而描述短,名词性多而动态性少,注重氛围营造,体现的是方方面面都被兼顾到了的空间思维中的抒情性。     

从荷马史诗《伊利亚特》论析史诗与神话的辩证关系

神话与史诗作为人类早期文学的两种艺术形式,既存在内容与文体上的相通性与继承性,同时又存在较大的差异性。神话作为原始的散文体的文学形式,随着社会生产力的发展,现实因素的增强,它逐渐向“人话”过渡,最终从世界观上完成了自我否定。史诗正是在对神话世界观否定的基础上,融合了神话尤其是向“人话”过渡阶段的部分神话的内容,采用韵文形式,最终形成了一种“史”与“诗”相结合的新的文学形式。     

荷马社会土地所有权及其制度探析

古希腊人很早就有私有财产的观念，土地是最重要的私有财产。《荷马史诗》作为古希腊最早的文献资料，对于学者研究古希腊早期的土地所有权有重要作用。结合荷马社会的土地状况、土地来源、土地收益权以及低级原始的物品交换方式分析荷马社会土地所有权的性质和制度，可以认为荷马时代的古希腊人对土地没有完全的所有权。个人土地所有权直到近代英法资产阶级革命时期才真正确立起来。     

东西方民族的英雄颂歌--《伊利亚特》与《格萨尔王》比较

史诗是世界文化遗产中的宝中之宝,它不仅用特殊的形式保存着各民族的重大史实、传说、神话和语言,而且是民族文化、民族传统,民族精神的多面晶体,是世界多极化、多元化、多样化的体现或证明.本文通过对东西方两大史诗<伊利亚特><格萨尔王传>的比较,从流传方式、历史真实性、英雄颂歌、社会历史条件、战争观念、谋篇布局几个方面进一步探索东西方史诗的异中有同、同中有异的血缘关系.从而使我们能够从世界文学的视角,用全新的眼光来审视东方的藏民族史诗,使藏民族史诗的研究更进一步,更具有整体性和全面性,更具有学术价值.     

Europe and Security in the Caucasus

The Caucasus has become, as a long-lasting seismic wave, a framework of enormous and underestimated relevance and uncertainty. But even so, we have not to become prisoner of a short-term “cage”. There is neither strategy nor policy, diplomacy, or war that can exist without four fundamental intellectual preconditions: historical knowledge, security knowledge, ethnic-cultural-religious knowledge, and knowledge of the geopolitical, economic, and international order. These have been recalled by some crucial comments taken from a revisited version of Homer’s Iliad, recently published by the Italian writer Alessandro Baricco, to better focus the concepts. “Men have always flung themselves headlong into battle, like moths attracted towards a fatal flame. There is no fear or self-disgust which has managed to keep them away from that flame” – he wrote – “because it is within that flame that they have always found the only way of emerging from the shadows of life. For this reason, I believe that no one will stop searching for an alternative beauty to that represented by the war path or stop looking for a reason to about face. Sooner or later we will succeed in calling Achilles away from this fateful war. Neither fear nor horror will bring him home. It will be some other completely different beauty, more dazzling than his own and infinitely more humble”. We are, in fact, aware of examples of very poor governance skills at a global level as regards the management of medium-and long-term international order options. And the Caucasus is really a case study. For these many reasons Europe cannot avoid an effective “neighbourhood policy” with the Caucasian countries. In 2003, the European Union appointed a Special Representative for the region. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia all have Partnership and Cooperation Agreements in force with the EU. Actions plans will be soon implemented and Europe represents by and large the preferred and more reliable interlocutor for the Caucasian region.     

《伊利昂纪》的整一性核心问题

阿喀琉斯的愤怒是《伊利昂纪》情节整一性的核心,这似乎已成关于这部荷马史诗主题的一种常识性认识。事实上,《伊利昂纪》真正的主人公是伊利昂,在这部史诗浓墨重彩描绘的战争给人们带来的无尽苦难中,伊利昂必然陷落的命运无疑是最深重、最令人悲慨的。伊利昂的灵魂和象征是它的英雄赫克托尔,赫克托尔是《伊利昂纪》中出场次数最多的人物,是伊利昂战场上无可争议的核心人物,他的悲剧结局已经决定性地宣告了伊利昂必将陷落的命运。阿喀琉斯的愤怒只是《伊利昂纪》结构组织的引子,整部史诗的悲剧高潮和情节整一性的核心聚焦于赫克托尔之死。