Ethnic patterns in the phonetics of Montreal English

Most North American cities no longer display strong ethnic differentiation of speech within the European‐origin population. This is not true in the English‐speaking community of Montreal, Canada, where English is a minority language. Differences in the phonetic realization of vowels by Montrealers of Irish, Italian, and Jewish ethnic origin are investigated by means of acoustic analysis. A statistical analysis of ethnic differences in formant frequencies shows that ethnicity has a significant effect on several variables, particularly the phonetic position of /u:/ and /ou/ and the allophonic conditioning of /æ/ and /au/ before nasal consonants. The unusual tenacity of ethnophonetic variation in Montreal English is explained in light of the minority status of English, and the social and residential segregation of ethnic groups in distinct neighborhoods, which limits their exposure to speakers of Standard Canadian English who might otherwise serve as models for assimilation.     

一种嵌入式GUI软件结构实现方案

综合比较了嵌入式GUI的几种实现方式,结合嵌入式系统的特点,研究了嵌入式GUI中的关键技术,分析了嵌入式GUI与普通GUI系统的不同之处,提出一种通用的嵌入式图形用户界面系统的设计思想和体系结构,这种嵌入式GUI实现方案具有轻型、占用资源少、可剪裁等特点。     

Race and Population Change: A Longitudinal Look at Cleveland Neighborhoods

This paper investigates the relationship of racial composition to neighborhood population change from 1910 to 1990 in the Cleveland metropolitan area. To better understand the long-term dynamics of urban neighborhood change, we focus our analysis upon the longitudinal relationship of race, socioeconomic status, and life cycle stage to changes in neighborhood population densities. First, we find that the more established neighborhoods of the African-American community have experienced dramatic declines in population since 1950, a pattern that represents a clear change from the earlier part of the twentieth century. Second, population loss is experienced through a variety of mechanisms, including the demolition of dwellings, the increase in housing vacancy, and the decline of household size. Third, much of this population loss should be interpreted within the context of high economic distress, occurring most frequently in older African-American communities. Over time, economic distress appears to be more important than race in and of itself in leading to the loss of neighborhood populations.     

“一核多元”型社区综合整治合作生产模式研究 ———以北京市 J 社区为例

老旧小区综合整治事关公众切身利益,体现国家服务效能与治理能力。 基于合作生产理论、公共价值和战略三角模 型间关系,从党建引领视角提出“一核多元”型综合整治合作生产模式。 以北京市 J 社区为例,采用张力分析工具,从使命管 理、政治管理与运营管理层面建构综合整治张力分析模型。 分析发现,党建引领的综合整治合作生产可促进社区合作生产网 络的形成与发展,这对社区治理模式创新与社区治理共同体建设具有重要意义。     

地缘商会“嵌入式”发展的内在动力与路径研究——广东省湖北商会的个案分析

地缘商会因其乡情文化符号、民企聚合体、自治等特点而成为独具中国特色的社会组织,并双向嵌入在所在地与乡籍地社会环境中发展。基于对广东省湖北商会的个案分析,发现服务会员、抱团互助从而填补市场与政府对民企造成的夹缝是其“嵌入式”发展的内在动力。同时,分析在两地空间结构限定下特定的历史、文化的冲突与融合,经济发展的特殊需求以及政治生态与政策设计限定的独特的发展路径,主要包括：短暂发展史中面对问题及时调整与迅速规模化;从依赖乡土精神聚合到强调制度化、品牌化建设的组织文化发展之路;专业主义指导下全方位服务路径;基于政治符号、示范标杆和招商桥梁打造而构成的政商多中心网络合作治理之道。     

信息共享空间的构建与创新服务——以河北工程大学图书馆为例

信息共享空间是近几年发展起来的一种新生事物，给传统的图书馆服务模式带来了严峻的挑战，以河北工程大学图书馆信息共享空间建设为例，分析了实体层和虚拟层两个层面建设的内容，介绍了信息共享空间的创新服务，并就信息共享空间的深层次服务提出了对策建议。     

How Moroccan‐Dutch parents learn in communities of practice: Evaluating a bottom‐up parenting programme

Research shows that top‐down‐designed parenting programmes do not always meet the needs of postmigration parents. Bottom‐up programmes by migrant organizations hold a promise to fill this gap; however, research about these programmes and appropriate evaluation methodologies is scarce. Drawing upon Wenger's ( 2010 ) “communities of practice,” this paper explores an alternative perspective on parenting programme evaluation. Findings are presented from a study looking into social learning processes of postmigration parents who participated in a bottom‐up programme about raising teenagers in urban areas. Using an ethnographically inspired method combined with a preprogramme and postprogramme design, 115 Moroccan‐Dutch mothers and fathers from 15 programme groups participated. Results show that the programme provided a social learning space in which parents used themselves as resources to learn collectively about parenting. Moreover, parents consciously engaged in learning interactions across learning spaces stretched into their social networks. These analyses showed how parents' development of “learning citizenship” (Wenger, 2009 ) provides us with insight in collective learning dimensions present in a bottom‐up parenting programme, which is often not included in evaluation studies. Implications for practitioners as facilitators of parents' collective learning are presented.     

A decade of changes: Within-group analysis of LGBTQ individuals' perceptions of their community context and the relevance for social service providers

The previous decade has seen a drastic shift in the social environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people. It is not surprising then to find that the perceived “best” and “worst” aspects of life for nonmetropolitan LGBTQ individuals have also changed. We use data from two cohorts of the Rainbow Illinois survey to examine differences between responses in 2000 and 2011. Furthermore, we examine demographic differences in the perception of what is “best” and “worst” among the 2011 cohort. Results suggest that although the general social climate has improved for some, it remains problematic for others. Implications for social service providers are thoroughly discussed.     

Social networks and the organisation of big business groups in post New Economic Policy (NEP) era in the 1990s in Malaysia

Personal ties are generally regarded as important to big business growth in Malaysia, particularly after the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1990s. Common types are informal ones established between multi-ethnic big business people and Malay key state and political leaders. Other types of ties, company directorship links and informal ties, are seldom studied especially those between the business people and former state bureaucrats and corporate professionals. Thus, by conceptualising the directorship links and informal personal ties as social networks, the author conducted a sociological analysis of some intra- and inter-ethnic directorship links and ties established by four prominent big businessmen after the NEP in the 1990s. This article reports the main finding on the links and ties becoming a common organisational mechanism of business groups owned and controlled by the businessmen, besides providing access to the state. Therefore, another understanding of inter- and intra-ethnic personal ties in big business growth, especially after the NEP is achieved.     

新型农业经营主体嵌入式培育及其带动作用——以石城为例

发挥新型农业经营主体对小农户的带动作用,是促进小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的关键。江西石城县着眼于“培养农村致富带头人,打造一支不走的扶贫工作队”,立足县域脱贫与发展需要实施了“千人铸造计划”,该计划发挥县级行政动员优势并扎根乡土社会,从培育方案、产业选择、社会基础、组织设置与政策支持等多方面着手,推动了新型农业经营主体的嵌入式培育及其内生带动作用激发,形成了新型农业经营主体带动小农户发展的实践范例。石城经验体现了我国县域政府独特的行政动员机制及其嵌入乡土社会的本土创新,具有重要的推广价值,可为乡村振兴战略下培育扎根乡土致富带头人及实现小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接提供有益启示。