民主改革前西藏阿里地区的手工业以及“贱民”问题——主要以普兰、札达两县为例

民主改革前的西藏阿里地区以自给自足的自然经济占主导地位,手工业基础十分薄弱,不但种类少,工匠技术也很差;手工业中,以家庭手工业为主,有数量不多的工匠户,世袭为业,处于社会最低层,被视为"贱民",形成这种现象的原因是多方面的.     

Exploring public relations challenges in compounding crises: The pariah effect of toxic trailers

This study examined the distinct exigency of a compounding crisis, a crisis that occurs in close succession to another (potentially unrelated) crisis before an organization has had the opportunity to rebuild legitimacy. Specifically, we identified the public relations challenges faced by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency during the formaldehyde travel trailer crisis and examined how the Hurricane Katrina crisis encumbered the agency’s response efforts. We offer a theoretical frame for understanding the public relations challenges inherent in compounding crises and propose that, in a compounding crisis, organizational legitimacy and social capital decrease while stakeholder risk perceptions and attribution of crisis responsibility increase. A new phenomenon termed the pariah effect is offered to explain when an organization experiencing a compounding crisis is ostracized by other organizations that could assist with the crisis response to avoid negative spillover effects that could result from associating with the offending organization. This study also demonstrates how attribution of responsibility in a compounding crisis can create an exigency in which an organization must take actions beyond the scope and original mission of the organization.     

印度世俗化进程与贱民问题的解决

贱民制是印度教种姓制度的一部分。贱民解放的过程起始于殖民地时期。独立后,印度政府通过制定世俗主义宪法,实行保留制度,采取一系列扶贫措施,提高表列种姓教育水平和营造世俗主义的思想舆论环境等手段,着力消除这一社会问题,取得了较好的效果。表列种姓自身的努力也推动了这一问题的逐步解决。