电子商务立法的国际比较及对我国的启示

电子商务的迅速发展实质性地改变了传统市场交易的形式。而作为法律调整和规范的主要对象之一，交易形式的变化要求有新的法律规定与之相适应。在国际上，关于电子商务的立法活动已经形成了一种浪潮。而我国的电子商务立法工作却一直进展缓慢。其中有认识上的问题，更主要的是立法经验的不足。借鉴有关国家电子商务立法的先进经验，我国应当尽快建立和完善电子商务法制，这其中包括应当建立关于电子签名、电子商务认证、电子合同、电子支付等方面的法律规则与制度。     

从环境和建筑看生态建筑设计

建筑师和生态学家对环境和建筑的认识存在着一定的差异。生态建筑设计需要建筑师借鉴生态学家的认识 ,建立一种整体的建筑观念。依托整体生态观和系统观念建立起来的整体生态建筑观包括两个方面的内容 :其一是建筑系统在全寿命过程中 ,持续地与周围生态系统环境相互作用 ;其二是建筑系统对周围生态系统会产生空间置换影响 ,而这种影响具有一定的空间范围     

An affine‐invariant multivariate sign test for cluster correlated data

The author presents a multivariate location model for cluster correlated observations. He proposes an affine‐invariant multivariate sign statistic for testing the value of the location parameter. His statistic is an adaptation of that proposed by Randles (2000). The author shows, under very mild conditions, that his test statistic is asymptotically distributed as a chi‐squared random variable under the null hypothesis. In particular, the test can be used for skewed populations. In the context of a general multivariate normal model, the author obtains values of his test's Pitman asymptotic efficiency relative to another test based on the overall average. He shows that there is an improvement in the relative performance of the new test as soon as intra‐cluster correlation is present Even in the univariate case, the new test can be very competitive for Gaussian data. Furthermore, the statistic is easy to compute, even for large dimensional data. The author shows through simulations that his test performs well compared to the average‐based test. He illustrates its use with real data.     

略论邓小平理论萌芽的界定及其标志

作为邓小平理论萌芽的标志不是某一具体的时间、论著、观点。对邓小平理论萌芽应作出系统的、全面的科学界定。邓小平理论萌芽的标志应该是时间段、论著链、观点网     

Sign Restrictions,Structural Vector Autoregressions,and Useful Prior Information

This paper makes the following original contributions to the literature. (i) We develop a simpler analytical characterization and numerical algorithm for Bayesian inference in structural vector autoregressions (VARs) that can be used for models that are overidentified, just‐identified, or underidentified. (ii) We analyze the asymptotic properties of Bayesian inference and show that in the underidentified case, the asymptotic posterior distribution of contemporaneous coefficients in an n‐variable VAR is confined to the set of values that orthogonalize the population variance–covariance matrix of ordinary least squares residuals, with the height of the posterior proportional to the height of the prior at any point within that set. For example, in a bivariate VAR for supply and demand identified solely by sign restrictions, if the population correlation between the VAR residuals is positive, then even if one has available an infinite sample of data, any inference about the demand elasticity is coming exclusively from the prior distribution. (iii) We provide analytical characterizations of the informative prior distributions for impulse‐response functions that are implicit in the traditional sign‐restriction approach to VARs, and we note, as a special case of result (ii), that the influence of these priors does not vanish asymptotically. (iv) We illustrate how Bayesian inference with informative priors can be both a strict generalization and an unambiguous improvement over frequentist inference in just‐identified models. (v) We propose that researchers need to explicitly acknowledge and defend the role of prior beliefs in influencing structural conclusions and we illustrate how this could be done using a simple model of the U.S. labor market.     

对语言符号任意性及象似性的再思考

从不同角度及层次重新审视语言符号的属性,得出的新结论是语言符号的任意性和象似性都是语言符号的属性,只不过是从不同角度来探讨语言符号的属性而已;就语言的单个符号而言, 任意性仍是语言符号的第一原则;但在复合词和派生词及语言组合关系及句法关系上,语言符号具有高度象似性。象似性与任意性是辩证统一的。     

公示语中的隐喻解读

广义的隐喻是人类认知方式,是两个语义场之间的语义映射。公示语虽然＂字义浅显＂,但同样具有隐喻机制。公示语的隐喻基于语义顺应,在跨域投射中逐渐产生语义冲突,最终在解决语义冲突的过程中,形成新的隐喻意义。身体体验成为跨域投射的基础。正确解读公示语中的隐喻,需要把握公示语的告知,劝说和警示功能。     

印章在标志发展中的历史功用及当代特征

印章作为中国传统书画的重要元素在标志的发展史中功不可没.古代印章自诞生起最主要的功能是示信.随着社会经济繁荣,商业发达,逐渐成为具有防伪功能的标记.唐代以后文人画的兴盛又使之为书画家个人字号所用.而在当代设计中,时代的发展已使印章的标识功能淡化,作为一种民族特色的艺术形式,它在现代标志设计中更多用于表达诚信,以及展示自身特有的审美价值和文化内涵.     

面向汉语国际教育的记号字研究

在《汉语国际教育用音节汉字词汇等级划分》的3000汉字中,记号字占将近六分之一的比例,主要分布在一级、二级汉字中,其中在一级汉字中占绝对优势。记号字来源于六书中的象形字、会意字、形声字、指事字,也来源于半意半记字、音零字和记号字。在汉字形体演变的过程中,现今的记号字是由于笔形之变、结构之变和功能之变等诸多因素形成的,因此对记号字的认知也是分层次的,可以从文字学角度和非字源角度分别认知。     

诗歌意象的符号质、系统质、功能质

在诗歌理论界,人们对意象的重要性和建构力有一个广泛的认同。诗的意义和整体审美效应是由具体可感的意象生发的。意象的这种特殊建构能力,来自意象独具的性质和功能。意象具有符号的基本特性,即意象产生的随机性、自我表现性、模糊性;在意象系统中,每个意象既影响别个意象,又受到别个意象的影响,正是意象的共同作用,才使诗歌的整体意义得以表达;意象具有描述性、拟情性、象征性（指意性）功能,三者的综合作用,强化了意象的表义性和建构力。