Gender differences in willingness to compete: The role of public observability

A recent literature emphasizes that gender differences in the labor market may in part be driven by a gender gap in willingness to compete. However, whereas experiments in this literature typically investigate willingness to compete in private environments, real world competitions often have a more public nature, which introduces potential social image concerns. If such image concerns are important, and men and women differ in the degree to which they want to be seen as competitive, making tournament entry decisions publicly observable may further exacerbate the gender gap. We test this prediction using a laboratory experiment (N = 784) that varies the degree to which the decision to compete, and its outcome, is publicly observable. We find that public observability does not alter the magnitude of the gender gap in willingness to compete in an economically or statistically significant way.     

新形势下北仑工业经济再上新台阶试探

加入ＷＴＯ，北仑工业经济要上新台阶，就必须敏锐地把握经济发展趋势，以培育支柱工业和临港工业，招商引资和技术改造，拓展国际、国内市场，深化企业改革为重点．     

中小企业技术创新的主要障碍剖析

指出了我国中小企业技术创新能力低、速度慢，剖析了企业主体、企业投入、企业技术创新运作方式和企业开展技术创新的外部环境等四大障碍．     

T.S艾略特之"阿尔佛雷特的爱之歌"与新批评主义

Ｔ .Ｓ .Ｅｌｉｏｔ -ａＣｅｌｅｂｒａｔｅｄＡｍｅｒｉｅａｎＰｏ ｅｔ,ＤｒａｍａｔｉｓｔａｎｄｃｒｉｔｉｃＴ .Ｓ .Ｅｌｉｏｔ (1 888— 1 965 ) ,ａｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｅｄＡｍｅｒｉ ｃａｎｐｏｅｔ,ｄｒａｍａｔｉｓｔａｎｄｃｒｉｔｉｃ,ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｎｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｗｈｅｎｈｅｗａｓｙｏｕｎｇ .ＨｅｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｉｎＨａｒｖａｒｄｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｗｅｌｌ-ｋｎｏｗｎｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓＩｒｖｉｎ…     

Simple detection of outlying short time series

Sets of relatively short time series arise in many situations. One aspect of their analysis may be the detection of outlying series. We examine the performance of standard normal outlier tests applied to the means, or to simple functions of the means, of AR(1) series, not necessarily of equal lengths. Although unequal lengths of series implies that the means have unequal variances, that are only known approximately, it is shown that nominal significance levels hold good under most circumstances. Thus a standard outlier test can usefully be applied, avoiding the complication of estimating the time series' parameters. The test's power is affected by unequal lengths, being higher when the slippage occurs in one of the longer series     

Generalized Laplacian approximations in Bayesian inference

This paper presents a new Laplacian approximation to the posterior density of η = g(θ). It has a simpler analytical form than that described by Leonard et al. (1989). The approximation derived by Leonard et al. requires a conditional information matrix R_η to be positive definite for every fixed η. However, in many cases, not all R_η are positive definite. In such cases, the computations of their approximations fail, since the approximation cannot be normalized. However, the new approximation may be modified so that the corresponding conditional information matrix can be made positive definite for every fixed η. In addition, a Bayesian procedure for contingency-table model checking is provided. An example of cross-classification between the educational level of a wife and fertility-planning status of couples is used for explanation. Various Laplacian approximations are computed and compared in this example and in an example of public school expenditures in the context of Bayesian analysis of the multiparameter Fisher-Behrens problem.     

水杨酸-邻菲罗啉三元稀土配合物的合成、表征及抑菌作用

在无水乙醇溶液中合成了六种水杨酸-邻菲罗啉-三元稀土配合物,采用元素分析,红外光谱,差热热重等测试方法进行表征,确定配合物的化学组成为RE(Phen)2(Sa l)2C l.H2O(RE=L a3+,P r3+,N d3+,Sm3+,G d3+,D y3+).研究了稀土配合物的抑菌活性,结果表明三元稀土配合物的抑菌效果较单独的稀土氯化物、邻菲罗啉和水杨酸好.     

欧洲一体化进程中的社会福利整合

欧洲一体化是一个经济、政治和文化不断融合的过程。欧盟从建立之初就开始了劳工政策领域的合作,随着区域经济合作加强、移民增加、劳动力市场一体化,各国社会保障制度之间的差异就成了迫切需要解决的问题。社会保障方面的合作越来越受到重视,合作的范围逐渐扩大到促进就业、失业保障、养老保障、医疗和公共卫生等领域,虽然至今还没有欧盟统一层面的社会保障政策出台,但在某些方面已经出现了趋同倾向。     

彩票的法学解析

彩票是国家为筹集社会公益资金而发行的供人们自愿购买并据以取得获奖机会的凭证。汇集闲散资金,造福社会公益事业,是彩票的本质特征,也是彩票的道德生命和法律生命所在。彩票具有国家性、财产性、合同性、社会性等法律性质。彩票运作中包含着多重法律关系,其核心问题是发行人与购彩人之间的权利、义务如何配置。     

再议“革命军起、革命党消”

文章在订正相关史实 ,厘清原初意义的基础上 ,试图着重说明“革命军起、革命党消”这一口号之所以在辛亥民初产生重大影响 ,与当时普遍流行的“革命党非政党”的观念及民初政党政治的实践有紧密关联 ,而这一口号的长期为人诟病 ,则与孙中山重组、改组国民党时对辛亥革命的总结及后人有关民国初年政党政治的整体记忆有关