Cognitive abilities,self-efficacy,and financial behavior

This paper investigates the effect of cognitive abilities on financial behavior among older adults. Using the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, I find that cognitive abilities significantly affect financial behavior through two channels: ability and self-efficacy. People with higher cognition scores achieve better financial outcomes. This positive association is especially strong in tasks having high demand of cognitive abilities, which confirms the ability channel of the cognitive ability effect. In addition, there is evidence for the self-efficacy channel as a secondary source of cognitive influence. Lower cognitive abilities decrease people’s sense of self-efficacy, which, in turn, significantly decreases financial management efficiency. The findings have important policy implications, specifically that more effort is needed to assist the growing older population through the cognitive aging process and that noncognitive skills, as a secondary source of influence, also warrant attention.     

情绪调节自我效能感量表的修订

文章严格按照量表修订程序对Caprara等人2008年编制的情绪调节自我效能感量表（SRESE）进行修订,分别选取192名和1691名中学生进行初测和正式施测,验证修订版量表的信度和效度。结果表明：修订后的量表内部一致信度为0．653～0．864,分半信度为0．602～0．740,建构信度为0．709～0．772;各条目一总分相关系数均有统计学显著性意义,CR值均达到显著水平;验证性因素分析支持二阶五因素模型。因此,认为修订后量表具有良好的心理测量学指标,可在中国青少年人群中应用。     

Women’s experiences of,and attitudes to,maternity education across the perinatal period in Victoria,Australia: A mixed-methods approach

Background

While the provision of maternity education across the perinatal period can increase the confidence and self-efficacy in childbearing women, there is still thought to be a lack of effective educational resources for parenthood. This study, conducted in Victoria, Australia, investigated women’s experiences of, and attitudes to education communicated in maternity service provision.

社会化电子商务中卖家与非卖家信息分享行为差异

  目前社会化电子商务对用户分享行为的激励措施单一，缺乏吸引力，急需个性化的、有针对性的激励方式。社会化电子商务网站上，除了普通用户分享产品和购物信息外，一些电子商务卖家也分享产品相关信息以吸引消费者，拥有不同身份属性的用户被不同因素所激励。因此，为了设计个性化的激励方式，社会化电子商务平台需要进一步了解激励用户信息分享行为的关键因素的影响强度是否随着卖家与非卖家身份属性的不同而有所差异。         基于社会认知理论提出影响用户分享行为的关键因素，包括预期个人结果、预期社区结果和自我效能。采用目标理论，认为卖家为自我卷入型用户，非卖家为任务卷入型用户，并对卖家和非卖家不同身份用户的信息分享行为影响因素的差异建立理论研究模型。采用问卷调查法收集1 177位社会化电子商务用户的信息分享意愿及其影响因素的相关数据，运用Spss 19.0进行测量模型和t检验分析，以验证假设。         研究结果表明，结果期望和自我效能对信息分享意愿的影响强度在卖家与非卖家之间有显著的差异，卖家的分享意愿更多地受到预期个人结果和自我效能的影响，非卖家的分享意愿受到预期社区结果的影响。         研究结果拓展了社会化电子商务领域关于信息分享行为的相关研究，为后续研究提供了可能性。建议电子商务网站运营者在制定和实施激励计划时，应充分考虑用户的不同身份属性，有针对性地提供激励，以最大化地鼓励用户参与，保障网站健康发展。     

大学毕业生择业焦虑、自我效能感与归因方式的关系

择业心理因素及其相互关系对大学生就业有较大影响,对715名大学毕业生择业焦虑、择业自我效能感与择业归因方式的关系及择业自我效能感在择业归因方式和择业焦虑之间的中介作用的调查发现,大学毕业生择业自我效能感对择业焦虑具有显著的负向影响,择业归因方式对择业自我效能感具有显著的正向影响,个人素质类归因方式对择业焦虑具有显著的负向影响,社会支持类归因方式对择业焦虑具有显著的正向影响,择业自我效能感在个人素质和社会支持类归因方式与择业焦虑之间起着显著的部分中介作用,在机会运气、求职知识、个人努力和积极情绪类归因方式与择业焦虑之间起着显著的完全中介作用。     

Review of educational interventions to increase traditional birth attendants’ neonatal resuscitation self-efficacy

Background

Annually, up to 2.7 million neonatal deaths occur worldwide, and 25% of these deaths are caused by birth asphyxia. Infants born in rural areas of low-and-middle-income countries are often delivered by traditional birth attendants and have a greater risk of birth asphyxia-related mortality.

Using Rasch analysis to identify midwifery students’ learning about providing breastfeeding support

AimTo report on a study measuring midwifery students’ self-reported abilities in teaching and supervising breastfeeding mothers. Abilities were assessed at two time intervals, before and after completing a maternal and infant nutrition topic with simultaneous clinical opportunities to consolidate their skills.MethodA convenience sample of midwifery students in an Australian university completed a pre- and post-intervention survey to assess their self-rated ability to teach and supervise breastfeeding mothers. Rasch analysis was used to gain conjoint estimates of students’ self-reported abilities to teach and supervise breastfeeding mothers across 37 items with varying complexity of care needs. Rasch analysis was used to determine validity and reliability of the 37-item tool, to develop a hierarchical linear scale reflecting difficulty of breastfeeding supportive activities, and to determine student learning between the two time points.ResultsFrom 95 responses, 34 of the 37 items met the requirement for unidimensionality. Outcomes identified that midwifery students’ self-efficacy measures for breastfeeding support abilities can be reliably estimated. A hierarchical scale for learning these clinical skills has been generated to inform curricula development and learning processes. While there was an overall increase in the ease of difficulty of 21 items in the survey at time point two, eight items were identified as becoming more difficult.ConclusionThe findings of this study challenge midwifery educators to reconsider the educational activities provided for midwifery students’ that aim to develop the requisite skills to provide effective breastfeeding support, including the provision of specific clinical opportunities to learn from breastfeeding women.     

A Group-Based Intervention for Persons Living in Poverty: Psychosocial Improvements Noted among Participants of “Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin’-by World”

This study reviews the results of a national study of Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin’-By World (“GA”), a widely used group-based intervention for helping persons in poverty assess their resources and create a plan for increasing them. Findings from a national study of a diverse sample (N = 215) suggest that the program is facilitating positive changes in poverty-related knowledge, perceived stress, mental health and well-being, social support, hope, and goal-directed behavior and planning. Implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed.     

Girls’ self-efficacy in the context of neighborhood gender stratification

Scholars have linked neighborhood characteristics to self-efficacy, but few have considered how gender factors into this association. We integrate literature on neighborhoods, gender stratification, and self-efficacy to examine the association between women's relative resources among neighborhood residents and adolescents' self-efficacy. We hypothesize that girls report more self-efficacy when they reside in neighborhoods where women have more socioeconomic resources relative to men. We test this hypothesis using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and the 1990 Census. Results from multilevel regression models with gender-interacted effects indicate the neighborhood level of women's relative resources was not associated with boys' self-efficacy. However, girls reported higher self-efficacy when women's relative resources in their neighborhoods were greater. This association persisted after including potential individual- and neighborhood-level confounding variables. Our study underscores the importance of attending to gendered processes when understanding how neighborhoods impact youth.     

Fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: A cross-sectional multicentre study in China

ObjectiveFew studies have focused on the fear of childbirth (FOC) in China. This study aimed to explore the status of FOC and its associated factors among nulliparous women in China.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional study design, 1039 nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies were recruited from four public hospitals in four cities of China. FOC was evaluated using the Chinese version of the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire scale. Associations of demographic, obstetric and social–psychological factors with the levels of FOC among nulliparous women were investigated.ResultsThe average score on the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire scale was 31.30 (standard deviation = 8.43). Generalized linear regression analysis revealed that low self-rated health status (β = 2.26, P = 0.003), higher educational levels (β = 2.06, P = 0.010), lower levels of self-efficacy (β = −0.79, P < 0.001), and use of pregnancy-related smartphone applications (β = 2.42, P < 0.001) were associated with higher levels of FOC.ConclusionThe Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire scale is an appropriate tool to measure FOC. Education levels, self-rated health status, self-efficacy levels, and use of pregnancy-related smartphone applications were predictors of FOC among pregnant women in China. Healthcare professionals should identify the Chinese pregnant women with FOC and implement targeted interventions focused on the above factors.