清代两淮票盐制及其实态

发端于道光十年(1830)的两淮票盐制改革,是清代地方政府在面对盐业日益败坏的情况下做出的一种无奈选择。以陶澍为代表的盐政官僚希望通过改纲为票来实现推广盐业自由贸易、挽救淮盐颓废、打击私盐和确保国家盐课征收的目的。尽管改革确实在一定时期内和一定程度上发挥了积极作用,但由于受票法本身的缺陷和咸同兵燹的影响,改革最终以失败而告终。事实表明,制度的好坏除了取决于制度本身的优劣以外,同样也取决于制度的推广与执行情况。     

Does the Completeness of a Household-Based Convoy Matter in Intergenerational Support Exchanges?

Based on the closeness of kinship relationships, a 4-layer household-based convoy is proposed for the study of intergenerational support exchanges. It first separates co-residing family members from non-coresiding family members with whom they have frequent contact and places them in the innermost and next-innermost circles of an individual’s convoy structure, respectively. Relatives and friends with whom there is frequent contact are then added as the third and outer-most circles. In principle, it is ideal to have a full four layers. However, in reality, most people miss one or more layers during the different stages of the life cycle. A probability sample with 1979 cases is used to investigate the effect of convoy incompleteness on intergenerational support exchanges. The research findings show that missing any one layer and missing both the third and fourth layers do not result in a significantly negative effect on the mean types of support exchanged. When individual types of support are examined one by one, the convoy structure works similarly but selectively. It works best for types of support involving more labor costs, less for those involving financial support, and least for those involving advice. In addition, it is noted that a multiple exchange strategy is used in intergenerational support exchanges.     

汉代豪强地主庄园的武装防卫

汉代豪强地主庄园是相对封闭的经济社会单位。豪强地主为维持对农民的统治和保卫庄园财产,都拥有“部曲”家兵,修筑防御工事,并打造武器装备,拥有一定规模的私人武装力量,这些在汉代出土文物中都有所反映。东汉末年的分裂割据,亦与封建庄园私人武装的迅速发展有着直接的联系。