Living Arrangements, Employment Status, and the Economic Well-Being of Mothers: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and the U.S

Using data from Brazil, Chile, and the U.S., we estimate country specific models of household income that characterize mothers according to their marital status, living arrangement, and employment status. We assess the predicted economic well-being of each type of mother relative to a benchmark of married mothers in the same country, and at various points in the income distribution. We find dramatic cross-country differences in the distribution of mothers across categories, but few differences in each type's relative economic status. In all three countries and at all points in the income distribution, mothers who are the only adults in their households have the lowest levels of predicted income, while married mothers—followed closely by cohabitors—have the highest levels.     

地力山土族生计方式与家庭经济结构

地力山是甘南藏族自治州卓尼县杓哇土族乡的一个纯土族自然村。由于特定的历史、自然和社会原因,形成了以农为主牧业为辅的传统生计方式。随着时代的变化,兼事务工成为了传统生计方式的补充。在地力山土族家庭经济过程中,生计方式支配着资源要素的投入方向,而资源要素在不同方向上的配置最终构成其家庭经济的各个形态,形态之间以及具体形态内部存在的动态性,为其进一步调整提供了内在条件。     

Consumption and Saving Behavior of Older and Younger Baby Boomers in Korea

The 1998 Korean Survey of Family Income and Expenditures was used to examine the overall consumption and saving behavior of Korean baby boomers and compared the differences in consumption and saving behavior between older and younger boomers. The t -test results indicated that the younger boomers allocated a significantly higher percentage of their expenditures on food away from home, household appliances, transportation and communication than did the older boomers, whereas the older boomers spent higher amounts and allocated larger budget shares on their children's education than did the younger boomers. The results of Ordinary Least-Squares (OLS) regression analysis showed that, holding other factors constant, older boomers not only spent significantly more in the total consumption expenditures and education expenditures, but older boomers also saved significantly less than did younger boomers.     

商品经济是农村合作经济组织发展的重要条件

当前农村合作经济组织的兴起和蓬勃发展不是孤立的社会现象,而是农民在商品经济条件下的理性选择.一方面,合作经济组织是商品经济发展的必然要求;另一方面,正是由于商品经济的发展创造和拓展了合作经济组织的生存空间.     

Social Stratification and the Division of Household Labor in Japan: The Effect of Wives' Work on the Division of Labor among Dual-earner Families

Abstract:  This article explores the relationship between social stratification and the division of household labor by examining how the contribution to housework by husbands in dual-earner families varies across the Japanese social stratification structure. First, I review previous studies concerning the determinants of husbands' participation in housework and construct four hypotheses regarding the relative resources explanation, the time constraints explanation, the ideology/sex role explanation, and the alternative manpower explanation. Second, I examine the empirical support for these hypotheses in dual-earner couples and the effect of social stratification on husband's participation in housework, which has not been studied thus far. Third, I investigate the effect of social stratification in more detail. According to the results of TOBIT regressions and other supplementary analyses, the principal findings are as follows:

• 1) 

  the relative resources explanation is not supported;

       

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF BROADBAND HOUSEHOLD INTERNET ACCESS

Broadband changes everything. Or so we are told. But does it? There is only one way to find out - follow people who move from narrowband to broadband internet access and see what changes. This paper reports exactly this kind of analysis using data from a two wave European panel study (e-Living) and the lagged endogenous regression approach to see if switching to broadband increases the time spent online, the use of online communication services, the breadth of internet activities and the amount of online spend, and whether it decreases the time spent watching TV and the level of social leisure activities. The results suggest, in the main, that switching to broadband made little difference for this group of early broadband adopters who were already heavy internet users. There was no evidence of an online spend or social leisure substitution effect although there was evidence of a reduction in time spent watching television, and an increase in email in use, time spent online and breadth of internet use. In all cases however it was the previous levels of behaviour that were the most significant and switching to broadband was, in general, one of the least strong effects.     

城乡结合部农村信用社的发展

城乡结合部农村信用社有其特殊的地缘优势,应抓住目前改革机遇,努力提高职工素质、改善办公条件、开发新产品新业务,并建立自己严格的职工考核体系。同时中国人民银行也应加大对农村信用社的扶持力度,共同促进农村信用社的发展。     

The Division of Household Labor in Germany and Israel

We compare the patterns of household division of labor in Germany and Israel—two countries that share key elements of the corporatist welfare regime but differ in their gender regimes—and evaluate several hypotheses using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Program. Although time constraints and relative resources affect the division of household labor and women’s housework in both societies, we find that in Germany the gender order of household labor is more rigid, whereas in Israel the spouses’ linked labor market status exerts distinctive effects. We also find significant relationships between gender ideology and the division of household labor. We discuss the theoretical advantages of approaching the comparative study of gender inequality from the vantage point of family and gender regimes.     

论我国古代技术创新主体

我国古代技术创新的核心主体是工匠,其承担着技术发明、创新和推广的重要职责。随着技术创新活动的历史演进,在工匠技术创新活动的基础上并以工匠活动为中心相继出现了家庭手工业作坊、私营手工业作坊、手工工场等从事技术创新活动的主体,这些主体在一定程度上克服了工匠主体活动的局限性。工匠主体与这些主体之间并不是简单地以一种单一主体去取代另一种主体,使前一种主体在古代技术创新的舞台中隐退。在我国古代社会的不同历史阶段,这些主体以交叉并存的方式存在。     

农户借款的供求约束及解除

我国的农村金融改革一直是政府导向的,包括现在进行的农村信用社改革。农村金融改革应充分考虑到农村经济主体对资金的需求特征,只有这样,才不致于出现供给缺位和需求得不到满足的情况。因此,研究我国农村中最大的经济主体———农户与正规金融机构之间的借款行为,通过对借贷双