农村公共环境卫生的治理模式演进与“三治融合”理路

村容整洁""生态宜居"是乡村振兴的重要内容.当前,农村的公共环境卫生状况与社会主义新农村的要求存在差距.我国农村公共环境卫生治理大致经历了"自发性治理模式""干预性治理模式""外包化治理模式"三个阶段."干预性治理模式""外包化治理模式"并不是最优化的治理模式,其自身缺陷使得农村公共环境卫生治理极易出现"张弛无序"现象.自治、法治、德治的"三治融合"是农村公共环境卫生治理的必然选择.农村公共环境卫生治理自治具有制度依赖性和技术依赖性,应以自治管理制度构建和农村环保技术开发为突破口;自治应注重"量力而为"原则,不能排斥市场行为和社会参与.农村公共环境卫生治理法治体系构造应以制度完善为切入点,改变城乡分治的立法局面,出台与我国法律规定相配套的实施制度,引入人工智能、地理信息和远程监控技术,创新生态环保监管执法方式和格局.农村公共环境卫生治理的德治功能应当通过双向激励性宣教、农村人口结构优化、乡规民约重塑予以实现.     

The impact of water supply and sanitation on infant mortality: Individual-level evidence from Tartu,Estonia, 1897–1900

Evidence from a number of historical studies has demonstrated a strong impact of the provision of clean water on mortality risks, while no clear effect has been reported in others. We investigated the relationship between water supply, sanitation, and infant survival in Tartu, a university town in Estonia, 1897–1900. Based on data from parish registers, which were linked to the first census of the Russian Empire, the analysis reveals a clear disadvantage for infants in households using surface water, compared with families that acquired water from groundwater or artesian wells. The impact is stronger in the later stages of infancy. Competing-risk analysis shows that the effect is more pronounced for deaths caused by diseases of the digestive system. Our findings suggest that it may have been possible to improve the water supply, and consequently reduce infant mortality, before the introduction of piped water and sewage systems.     

Social and feminist design in emergency contexts: the Women’s Social Architecture Project,Cox's Bazar,Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

The rapid influx of Rohingya refugees into Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, has led to the formation of huge camps, built on difficult terrain, short of space and with high population density. All these factors present numerous challenges to agencies seeking to provide latrines, water points, and bathing facilities. Feedback gathered from women and girls highlighted significant challenges around access, safety, privacy, and dignity, including management of personal hygiene and menstruation. Within the humanitarian community, site planning and WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure planning/design processes have mainly been dominated by male architects and engineers, often with gendered assumptions about the user. Acknowledging these challenges, Oxfam implemented the Women’s Social Architecture Project to work with women and adolescent girls, and female architects with a background or interest in social or feminist design and architecture, to add a different perspective into the design and siting of WASH facilities. The project has consisted of formative research with Rohingya women and girls, and design workshops with architects in which Rohingya women have co-created designs that tackle the issues they face regarding WASH facilities. This article provides an account of the progress to date, together with feedback from women and girls and the WASH Sector in Cox's Bazar ahead of the final completion of the project in June 2019.     

论高校食堂食品卫生安全管理现状与对策

文章论述了当前高校食堂食品卫生安全管理中存在的问题,阐明了建立食品卫生安全管理责任制、加强关键环节的重点管理、依法办伙、全面监督及开展食品卫生安全教育等相关对策。这样可以降低高校食堂的餐饮风险,切实做好饮食安全卫生保障工作。     

中国艾滋病防治政策的经济学分析

艾滋病传播目前在我国呈上升并有加快的趋势。从公共经济学视角以公共物品为切入点分析,为营造一个良好的公共卫生环境,需要政府适当介入,并通过探讨艾滋病防治公共政策的有效供给模式,以及在立宪层次给予防治政策的正当性说明,给出一个可能的有关艾滋病控制的制度安排和政策选择。     

果洛牧区社会事业发展状况及对策研究

解放后 ,特别是改革开放以来 ,果洛牧区同全国各地一样发生了巨大的变化。本文对该牧区的教育、文化、卫生等社会事业发展状况进行了调研 ,指出目前存在的一些主要问题 ,并提出了一些具体的建议措施。     

杨凌示范区城区环境卫生状况分析

将杨凌示范区城区按功能区划分,对其环境卫生现状进行问卷调查,调查的主要内容包括街道垃圾污染问题、饮用水水质状况、绿化及娱乐绿化质量、噪声干扰问题。通过调查发现杨凌目前环境卫生的总体状况基础较好,但仍存在许多问题有待改善,区政府应加大环保部门和环卫部门的工作效率。总的来说,杨凌区的环境需要每一位居民共同努力提高。人们在要求较高环境质量的同时,也应从自身角度出发,自觉保护环境。     

To shame or not to shame—that is the sanitation question

The Community‐Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) programme aims to end open defecation through facilitating activities that evoke a sense of shame, shock and disgust. The programme's initial success and low‐cost design has seen it become hegemonic in donor‐supported rural sanitation. However, the theoretical basis of the use of shame has not been critically evaluated. Supporters claim that shame helps form and maintain social relationships, yet contemporary psychosocial literature highlights that it is a volatile and often harmful emotion, particularly in conditions of poverty. Using a case study of Cambodia, which rejected the coercive elements of shame in CLTS, we explore the problems of shame and limits of local ownership of development.