Social identities and political cleavages: the role of political context

Summary. Using a novel method, the paper investigates the influence of social group identities on attitudes and on voting in a variety of political contexts. Examining the major regions of Britain, Canada and the USA, we find considerable national and regional diversity in the nature of social cleavages. For example, social class and race had widely different effects across societies, but within societies their effects on attitudes and on voting were very similar. However, despite that, age and religion had a similar effect on attitudes across societies; the effects on voting varied considerably. The significant within-country differences underline the importance of using region, rather than country, as the unit of analysis. More importantly, these results highlight the role of political context, especially competing cleavages and the structure of party competition, in the establishment of politically relevant social cleavages.     

Human immunodeficiency virus risk: is it possible to dissuade people from having unsafe sex?

Summary. The cumulative number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections worldwide has reached 60 million in little over 30 years. HIV continues to spread despite a detailed understanding of the manner in which it spreads and measures which can prevent spread. Some governments have been highly successful in containing the spread of HIV through blood products and from mother to child and among injecting drug users. Lack of political will, lack of resources or challenges to widely accepted scientific evidence have held back similar interventions in other countries. It has proved much more difficult to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV in both high and low income countries. A wide range of strategies has been identified but it remains unclear which strategies deserve priority and what methods of promoting them have the greatest effect. There is ample evidence that awareness of HIV and changes in sexual behaviour have occurred widely but the penetration of information remains poor in some vulnerable groups especially adolescents and women in poorer countries. Further obstacles face those who have information about the risk. The subordinate position of women and a desire for large families are important obstacles to condom negotiation and use. Urbanization, poverty, conflict and declining public services all exacerbate unsafe sexual behaviour. We argue that so-called 'structural' interventions directed at these wider contexts of unsafe behaviour merit greater attention. Such approaches have the added benefit of being less susceptible to 'risk compensation' which has the potential to undermine strategies directed at reducing the transmission efficiency of HIV.     

Culture and Organization: The Case of Transmanche-Link

The relationship between culture and organization has often been discussed, but rarely explored directly. This paper implements a cultural values instrument taken from Hofstede together with a behavioural instrument derived from Van de Ven to matched samples of British and French managers working on the Channel Tunnel project. The results largely replicate the findings of Hofstede regarding cultural values, but do not support the predicted implications for behaviour. In essence, the British were found to be more bureaucratic and more team-oriented than their French counterparts, who tended to be more fonceur and competitive. This indicates that the relationship between culture and behaviour might be more complicated than research to date suggests.     

家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系：安全型依恋的中介作用和性别的调节作用

基于McMaster家庭功能模式理论和依恋理论,选取392名小班幼儿为被试,通过问卷调查探讨家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系,并检验安全型依恋的中介效应和性别的调节效应。结果显示,家庭功能、亲社会行为、安全型依恋两两之间均呈现显著的正相关。安全型依恋在家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系中起着部分中介作用。性别显著调节家庭功能与亲社会行为之间的关系。具体而言,家庭功能显著正向影响女性幼儿的亲社会行为,但对男性幼儿亲社会行为的影响并不显著。     

Giving time or giving money? On the relationship between charitable contributions

This paper studies philanthropic behaviour in terms of money and time contributions for charitable organisations. Using a unique dataset, which is representative of the German population, we examine the pure contributions of individuals who give either money or time as well as joint contributions of individuals who give both money and time. We find that the sequential decisions to give to charity and how much to give can be explained by different socio-economic characteristics. We report particularly pronounced gender differences among pure contributions, an interesting pattern of human capital variables such as income and education, and possible differences in the type of philanthropic goods.     

地下钱庄行为的定性与防控——刑法与经济法互动的视角

地下钱庄并非规范的法律概念，我国对地下钱庄法律价值的判断是基于其组织的非正规性而非其行为的违法性，对地下钱庄行为更多地是借助刑法规制和执法严惩而非制度规范和监管指引。以刑法与经济法互动为视角，对地下钱庄所从事的三类主要业务进行具体分析，对相关法律法规予以细致梳理和客观评价，并结合我国金融生态环境和地下钱庄行为特点提出相应的立法建议和防控对策。提出在治理地下钱庄的过程中应当做到经济法规制在前、刑法惩治在后，监管在前、执法在后，宽严相济、疏堵结合。     

目标取向对员工创新行为的影响机制研究——基于隐性知识共享行为的视角

在目前中国经济创新驱动转型的时代,企业对员工个人创新行为的依赖度越来越高.文章基于11家企业184名被试的问卷调查数据,采用结构方程分析方法,探索员工不同的目标取向通过隐性知识共享行为对创新行为的影响机制.研究结果表明,学习目标取向对隐性知识共享行为产生正向影响;绩效证明取向对隐性知识共享行为产生正向影响;绩效回避取向对隐性知识共享行为的影响效果不显著;同时,隐性知识共享行为对员工创新行为有显著影响,目标取向通过隐性知识共享行为对员工创新行为起间接作用.该研究结论进一步拓展了隐性知识共享行为在目标取向和员工创新行为中间接作用的研究领域,也为创新驱动型组织建设提供理论指导依据.     

Injunctive Norms and Problem Gambling among College Students

Two studies examined the relationships among injunctive norms and college student gambling. In study 1 we evaluated the accuracy of perceptions of other students’ approval of gambling and the relationship between perceived approval and gambling behavior. In study 2 we evaluated gambling behavior as a function of perceptions of approval of other students, friends, and family. In study 1, which included 2524 college students, perceptions of other students’ approval of gambling were found to be overestimated and were negatively associated with gambling behavior. The results of study 2, which included 565 college students, replicated the findings of study 1 and revealed positive associations between gambling behavior and perceived approval of friends and family. Results highlight the complexity of injunctive norms and the importance of considering the reference group (e.g., peers, friends, family members) in their evaluation. Results also encourage caution in considering the incorporation of injunctive norms in prevention and intervention approaches.