德国1938年承认伪满洲国的原因

自1931年伪满洲国出笼后,德国政府采取并基本上维持了不承认政策。但是到了1938年2月,德国纳粹政府却背信弃义,不顾中国政府的反对,公开承认伪满。究其原因,主要在于:承认伪满是希特勒实施对外扩张战略的重要组成部分;纳粹德国已经完成了承认伪满的组织准备;陶德曼调停失败促使纳粹政府更加重日轻华;狄克逊对于纳粹党决策层有着重要的影响;承认伪满是德国与日本讨价还价的筹码等。     

浅谈德国统一与德国现代化

统一和现代化并不是同质的 ,两者之间不存在必然的因果关系。然而在德国近代这一特定的历史条件下 ,统一与现代化有着极为密切的特殊联系。德国的现代化需要民族的统一 ,而现代化的进一步开展又有力地推动了国家的统一。统一一方面成为现代化的动因 ,另一方面又为现代化开辟了广阔的国内市场、提供了强大的支持与保护。德国的统一与德国的现代化之间的密切关系促进了双方的共同发展 ,同时也结出了影响 2 0世纪上半叶德国乃至世界历史的恶果。     

政府化行为·社会化组织·市场化运作--德国国防工业管理与军备采购模式的分析

本文在概述二战后德国国防战略方针的转变和介绍其国防工业管理与军备采购的现行机构与政策之同时 ,重点阐述并归纳总结出德国国防工业管理与军备采购模式科学与有效运行的三项内因 :政府化行为、社会化组织、市场化运作。     

中德成人教育的若干比较与认识

建国55年来,中国成人教育取得的成就令人瞩目.与继续教育十分成熟发达的联邦德国相比,我国成人教育与其有若干基本共同点,但在管理模式、教学组织与内容、从业人员结构及教育经费筹措等方面存在重要差别.加快我国成人教育的发展,必须调整现有成人教育结构,改革现行成人教育管理体制,完善终身教育体系,广泛运用现代网络技术,加强成人教育研究的咨询与信息统计交流.     

德国应用技术大学的教学体系及其借鉴意义

德国应用技术大学(Fachhochscule)具有专业性、应用性、地域性等特征。文章研究了德国应用技术大学的学制、教学目标、课程体系及其实践教学的特点，并从教学安排、课程体系及实践教学三个方面与我国的情况进行了对比，在此基础上分析总结了其成功的经验及对我国普通高等工科院校教学改革的借鉴意义。     

Why do French women have more children than German women? Family policies and attitudes towards child care outside the home

French mothers are still more often economically active than their German counterparts and birth rates in France remain higher than in West Germany. By comparing two countries with many similarities in their family policies, I try to demonstrate that the differences between state policies per se should not be overestimated in explaining the persistent gap in their fertility level. As far as women's attitudes towards child care outside of the home are concerned, there is a strong divide between France and West Germany. In the Old Länder in Germany there is some congruence between attitudes and beliefs towards child care and the shortage of child care provision, especially for toddlers. As a product of the interaction between shortage of child care provision, women's attitudes regarding child care and mothers' low labour force participation rate, German family policy reinforces these attitudes. Conversely, there is slow impetus for policy makers to really develop a comprehensive public child care system. Against this cultural and institutional background, an increasing number of women give priority to their job or to their career. In France, by contrast, norms in respect of education of toddlers and young children have evolved in tandem with the change in attitudes of women towards employment. A majority of French women feel legitimised to be in employment on a full-time basis and to have their children cared for outside the home. Their attitudes are in tune with the premises of family policy which has integrated the model of 'the employed mother'. Les Francaises continuent àavoir plus d'enfants que les Allemandes de l'Ouest alors que les différences entre les taux d'activité des mères se sont progressivement atténuées. La proportion de femmes qui n'ont pas d'enfants, en particulier, est beaucoup plus importante en Allemagne de l'Ouest. En comparant deux pays dont les politiques sociales et familiales présentent des similarités, on se propose d'aller au delà des explications les plus couramment admises. En France, contrairement à l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, les normes régissant l'éducation des jeunes enfants ont évolué en phase avec les changements qui ont affectéles comportements des femmes sur le marché du travail. Il est devenu légitime socialement pour les Francaises de travailler à plein temps tout en faisant garder son enfant à l'extérieur du domicile. Les Allemandes de l'Ouest, par contre, intériorisent toujours fortement la norme selon laquelle l'éducation d'un jeune enfant nécessite la présence permanente de sa mère. Mais de plus en plus éduquées, elles sont amenées à accorder la priorité à leur maintien dans l'emploi et à renoncer à la maternité. Pour mieux comprendre les différences de fácondité entre les deux pays, il semble donc fructueux de se focaliser sur les interactions à l'aeuvre entre leurs politiques familiales, les valeurs auxquelles adhèrent la majorité des couples concernant l'éducation des jeunes enfants et les attitudes des femmes face au travail rémunéré.     

美苏在德国赔偿问题上的矛盾与德国的分裂

德国在二战后被分裂成两个国家,就其外部因素来讲,是由于以美苏为首的大国合作政策在战后逐渐走向对抗并导致冷战的产物,是外部力量施加于德国的结果,而在走向对抗的过程中,美苏在德国赔偿问题上的冲突,是导致德国分裂的一个重要原因。     

美、德终身教育现状比较研究

美、德两国都先后通过教育法案来促进和保障国家终身教育的开展,并利用公立和私立院校为民众提供多样的终身教育服务;两国终身教育体系在资金来源、办学机构、管理等及对终身教育概念的理解等方面又有明显差异。     

A transient presence: black visitors and sojourners in Imperial Germany, 1884–1914

The onset of German colonial rule in Africa brought increasing numbers of black men and women to Germany. Pre-1914 the vast majority of these Africans can best be described as visitors or sojourners and the black population as a whole was a transient one. This makes recovering their presence in the archival record exceptionally difficult and it is not surprising that the existing historiography is dominated by biographies of well-documented lives. Through utilising a number of recently digitised archival materials, particularly the Hamburg Passenger Lists, this article draws upon a database with information on 1094 individuals from sub-Saharan Africa who spent time in Germany over the period 1884–1914 in order to widen our understanding of the black presence as a whole. It offers new insights and detail into the composition and character of this fluid population – where visitors came from, why they came to Germany, their age on arrival – as well as more accurate information on the temporal and spatial distribution of African visitors.     

Comic revisions? Motherhood and women’s comedy in contemporary Germany

Maternal stereotypes and the realities of mothering are prominent themes in Anke Engelke’s Ladykracher and Martina Hill’s Knallerfrauen, two of the most popular sketch shows in twenty-first-century Germany. This article relates their success to social anxieties about motherhood, which Engelke and Hill illuminate through the theme of their sketches as well as through their very use of comedy to do so. I begin by using close-readings of Ladykracher and Knallerfrauen to illuminate the political potential of the sketch form to challenge maternal myths and articulate taboo feelings such as maternal ambivalence. I then consider the innovation of these maternal sketches in view of traditional theories of comedy, which paradoxically draw their imagery from the realm of the maternal even though they discount real women and mothers as comic agents. I argue that the maternal sketches of Engelke and Hill are thus doubly subversive, challenging maternal taboos as well as the discursive and generic norms they sustain.