德国行政赔偿制度的特色与成因

德国行政赔偿制度有着不同于大陆法系国家和普通法系国家行政赔偿制度的特色,这种特色突出体现在行政赔偿基础的赔偿请求权和对行政赔偿案件进行救济的赔偿审理制度两个方面。德国行政赔偿制度的特色是由在漫长的历史过程中所形成的思想因素、制度因素和文化因素造就而成。     

Intuitive Toxicology: Expert and Lay Judgments of Chemical Risks

Human beings have always been intuitive toxicologists, relying on their senses of sight, taste, and smell to detect harmful or unsafe food, water, and air. As we have come to recognize that our senses are not adequate to assess the dangers inherent in exposure to a chemical substance, we have created the sciences of toxicology and risk assessment to perform this function. Yet despite this great effort to overcome the limitations of intuitive toxicology, it has become evident that even our best scientific methods still depend heavily on extrapolations and judgments in order to infer human health risks from animal data. Many observers have acknowledged the inherent subjectivity in the assessment of chemical risks and have indicated a need to examine the subjective or intuitive elements of expert and lay risk judgments. We have begun such an examination by surveying members of the Society of Toxicology and the lay public about basic toxicological concepts, assumptions, and interpretations. Our results demonstrate large differences between toxicologists and laypeople, as well as differences between toxicologists working in industry, academia, and government. In addition, we find that toxicologists are sharply divided in their opinions about the ability to predict a chemical's effect on human health on the basis of animal studies. We argue that these results place the problems of risk communication in a new light. Although the survey identifies misconceptions that experts should clarify for the public, it also suggests that controversies over chemical risks may be fueled as much by limitations of the science of risk assessment and disagreements among experts as by public misconceptions.     

略论禅宗美学对唐诗的影响

禅宗美学关注人的精神自由,推崇以心传心的直观感受和明心见性的思维方式。禅宗美学中的无为解脱的审美情感、直观体验的审美理解、顿悟见性的审美思维对唐诗有重大的影响。     

对我国审判独立制度改革的思考

我国现行法律规定的审判独立制度 ,是指人民法院作为一个整体的独立 ,而不是法官个人的独立 ,这种制度不利于司法公正的实现。实行法院独立审判制的同时 ,更应强调法官独立审判 ,以保证审判公正。建立法官独立审判制要解决好两方面问题 ,一是保持独立与监督制约的合理平衡 ,防止司法擅断 ;二是法官独立的制度保障。     

论王阳明对道家本体论的扬弃

王阳明的良知本体论也是对道家本体论扬弃的结果。文章从良知本体论的内涵、良知本体论的架构等方面进行了考察。王阳明还以“体用不二”观来颂扬儒家的体用一如,并以此挞伐了道家在现实人生中体用剖二的行径。     

The Intuitive Detection Theorist (IDT) Model of Trust in Hazard Managers

The intuitive detection theorist (IDT) model of trust posits that trust in hazard managers stems from judgments about their performance on three criteria: their ability to discriminate safe from dangerous situations (discrimination ability); their tendency under uncertainty to assume danger is present (response bias); and their propensity to be open and honest with the public about events (communication bias). The current article tests the model's robustness using findings from three experiments and four surveys conducted by two different research teams. Study‐specific analyses and an overall analysis of the seven studies combined confirm that all three of the IDT model's dimensions are important for trust, explaining on average 43% of trust variance. These effects occurred largely independently of hazard topic, research method, or investigator. Hypothesized interaction effects among the dimensions, based upon earlier studies, were weak and contradictory; this is the first known study of interactions among trust model variables.     

对现行审判委员会制度的检视——从司法独立的角度澄清审委会改革中的两个重要问题

在我国的司法理论和实践中,对居于法院核心地位的审委会制度一直存在两个认识误区,它们都关系到我国司法独立性问题,必须予以澄清。其实,我国审委会制度的存在并没有影响到法官独立审判人格和法官对案件的决定权,审委会制度特别是审委会对案件的最终决定权与司法独立不存在必然冲突;而审委会错案责任追究制度则严重影响了法官的独立和司法公正,其不应当在审委会制度中确立,其中可引入法官不当行为惩戒制度和法官全面评议制度,以保证司法公正。     

The 'heuristics and biases' bias in expert elicitation

Summary.  In the early 1970s Tversky and Kahneman published a series of papers on 'heuristics and biases' describing human inadequacies in assessing probabilities, culminating in a highly popular article in Science . This seminal research has been heavily cited in many fields, including statistics, as the definitive research on probability assessment. Curiously, although this work was debated at the time and more recent work has largely refuted many of the claims, this apparent heuristics and biases bias in elicitation research has gone unremarked. Over a decade of research into the frequency effect, the importance of framing, and cognitive models more generally, has been almost completely ignored by the statistical literature on expert elicitation. To remedy this situation, this review offers a guide to the psychological research on assessing probabilities, both old and new, and gives concrete guidelines for eliciting expert knowledge.     

法律原则的模式与应用

与法律规则的自主性特征和总括性特征相对应的,是法律原则的理性化模式和最佳化模式.这两种模式为法律原则的适用过程提供了一个清晰的结构性分析,并表明法律原则的效力标准不是纯粹基于系谱的,也不是完全基于内容或道德论证的,它是独立于法律规则和道德原则之外的另一类规范依据——“裁判规范”.在遇有规则漏洞的疑案裁判中,作为“裁判规范”的法律原则保证了基于法律原则的判决推理,仍然是一种区别于普遍实践推理的、部分自治的推理模式,尽管这种源于普通法司法的推理模式在方法论和制度环境上遗留了一些有待澄清的问题.