Evaluation of an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants during in-hospital stay

BackgroundLate-preterm infants show lower breastfeeding rates when compared with term infants. Current practice is to keep them in low-risk wards where clinical guidelines to support breastfeeding are well established for term infants but can be insufficient for late-preterm.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants in a maternity service in the Basque Country, Spain.MethodsThe intervention was designed to promote parents’ education and involvement, provide a multidisciplinary approach and decision-making, and avoid separation of the mother-infant dyad. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a control (n = 212) and an intervention group (n = 161). Data was collected from clinical records from November 2012 to January 2015. Feeding rate at discharge, breast-pump use, incidence of morbidities, infant weight loss and hospital stay length were compared between the two groups.ResultsInfants in the control group were 50.7% exclusive breastfeeding, 37.8% breastfeeding, and, 11.5% formula feeding at discharge, whereas in the intervention group, frequencies were 68.4%, 25.9%, and 5.7%, respectively (p = 0.002). Mothers in the intervention group were 2.66 times more likely to use the breast-pump after almost all or all feeds and 2.09 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed at discharge. There were no significant differences in morbidities and infant weight loss between groups. Hospital stay was longer for infants who required phototherapy in the intervention group (p = 0.009).ConclusionThe intervention resulted in a higher breastfeeding rate at discharge. Interventions aimed to provide specific support among late-pretem infants in maternity services are effective.     

论池田大作“精神丝绸之路”思想的智慧

池田大作提出把人的心与心联结起来的“精神丝绸之路”，是东西方文化交流的新道路，从他坚信“内修”的东方文化价值、身体力行推动东西方文化交流以及重视民众力量和价值三个方面，可以领略池田大作旨在通过沟通东西方文化、推进建立和平世界的思想智慧。     

两汉孙吴会稽郡诸部都尉考

The commander was mainlu in charge of the army in the local administration system during the Han Dynasty to the Sunwu Period. As the border prefectures were important in military defense, the armies of these prefectures were commonly divided into parts. Therefore, the army of Kuaiji Prefecture were divided into West Section Duwei, East Section Duwei and South Section Duwei. The West and East Section Duweis were founded for the purpose of suppressing the adherents of Yuyue as well as the Minyue and Ouyue people in the southeast coastline. In demand of securing the safety of the ship routes alongside the southeast coastline, the East Section Duwei migrated frequently within the area. In the meantime, the foundation of South Section Duwei was the result of the Sunwu government suppressing the local force and pillaging the labor resources in a partition background     

金诗学唐的历程

金代诗歌在受苏轼等宋代诗人的影响之外 ,也受到唐诗的浸润。本文依据金诗发展变化的自身情况 ,考察了金诗学唐的历程。文中将金诗学唐分为金初“借才异代”时期、“国朝文派”时期、金代后期等三个阶段 ,做了比较详细的论述 ,从一个方面展示了金诗发展的轨迹 ,揭示了金诗的某些重要特点 ,对于我们深入地认识金诗是有裨益的     

三国时期西部农业开发述论

三国时期 ,曹魏控制西北 ,蜀汉占据西南 ,两国主要在西部地区争战 ,粮草供给成为决定胜负的关键因素 ,为此双方都采取了恢复和发展粮食生产的措施。曹魏在西部一些适宜农业的战略要地大兴屯田 ,开发关陇、稳定河西 ,每年收获大量谷物供给军粮 ,以守为攻 ,迎战蜀军 ;蜀汉占据西南之后 ,诸葛亮注意处理好民族关系 ,发挥当地的农业资源优势 ,劝农积谷。为了解决北伐运粮的困难 ,还在汉中及渭水南岸一些地区设置少量屯田。不同的农业开发措施与双方的治乱胜败有很大关系。     

艺术是按照美的规律创造的——对张涵“艺术审美本质”的思考

张涵从接受美学、社会学、系统论和美的生成说的角度 ,把艺术看成一个系统、一个历史过程 ,从艺术创造、艺术作品、艺术欣赏的有机联系中考察艺术的本质 ,从而得出审美特性为艺术的本质属性的结论。这一结论无论从艺术原理看 ,还是从艺术实践看 ,都显示出较大的合理性     

南宋理学家对王安石新学的批判

南宋理学家对 王安石新学的批判，主要表现在二方面：一是斥新学为异端邪说，藉以标榜理学为继孔孟绝 学的正统，二是把新学作为变乱祖宗法度而致北宋亡国的理论根源，予以无情打击。陆九渊 对王安石个人的政治操守和治国理想给以赞誉，但对王安石新学亦持批评态度。理学家批 判新学对南宋社会发展造成了不良影响，这就是在“法祖”的旗帜下，使南宋社会上上下下 因循守旧、政治上保守主义日益弥漫，并且直接影响了元明清对王安石新学及新法的评价。     

从契丹诗歌的演进看契丹人的汉化进程

契丹诗歌留存不多,但其中蕴涵的文化信息却十分丰富。契丹诗歌的演进过程,就是契丹民族汉化进程的形象展现。通过对这个过程的分析研究,揭示出契丹民族的习俗由“无礼顽器”到文质彬彬;思维模式由简单平直到二元对立;情感由简单粗放到委婉细腻;思想意识由原始状态到汉民族多种哲学相互融合。     

关汉卿演义出的时代理想人物

历来人们认为 ,关汉卿的作品是对被压迫者的生活及斗争的反映 ,这种说法实际上也许既不客观也不全面。通过对关汉卿作品中人物的行为及与人物相关的时代进行具体的分析 ,可以发现关汉卿的作品更多的是对人的价值的评判 ,是对理想人物的塑造而不是对现实人的反映 ,关汉卿演义出的时代理想人物的精神是斗争 ,素质是智慧。     

甲骨文否定词研究

甲骨文中的否定词比较丰富,它们的用法也不完全相同。研究这些否定词的用法,不仅丰富汉语史的内容,而且也看到,秦汉时期汉语中某些否定词的用法,早在3000年前的殷商时代就已形成,说明汉语的历史的确是悠久而又丰富的。