市场失灵与农地非农化配置中农地价值损失

目前,中国正处于经济快速增长、城市化进程加速、生态环境重建和农业结构新一轮调整的新阶段,农地资源面临着在农业和非农业之间以及两大部门内部不同产业之间配置的更大竞争力。但由于市场失灵的存在,农地的非市场价值在配置时往往被忽略掉,从而导致农地非农化配置效率低下。本文试图从市场失灵的内涵出发,深入分析市场失灵与农地非农化配置过程中农地价值损失的内在机理,从而为我国农地非农化的行为调控、实现机制及相应公共政策措施的制订和实施提供理论依据。     

To pay or to apologize? On the psychology of dealing with unfair offers in a dictator game

Prior research has largely failed to focus on how transgressors can promote trust when having made unfair offers in bargaining. I investigated in the context of receiving an unfair offer in a dictator game when financial compensations and when apologies are most effective in motivating trust behavior by the violated party. I hypothesized that when losses were allocated, the violated party would be motivated to show more trust behavior towards the transgressor when a financial compensation (resulting again in equal final outcomes) relative to an apology was delivered, whereas when gains were allocated, apologies would be more effective in promoting trust behavior than a financial compensation. Results from a laboratory study indeed supported this prediction as such demonstrating the importance of how allocation decisions are framed (i.e., loss or gain) in testing the effectiveness of trust repair strategies (financial compensations vs. apologies).     

Ultimatum bargaining over losses and gains – An experimental comparison

Subjects in the loss domain tend to split payoffs equally when bargaining. The ultimatum game offers an ideal mechanism through which social scientists can investigate whether equal splits are the consequence of the proposers’ generosity or due to their anticipation that the responders will reject lower offers. This paper experimentally compares ultimatum bargaining that takes place in a loss domain with that under a gains domain. The results reveal that, although responders do not expect more in the loss domain, proposers do make higher offers. As such, proposers reach agreements more often in the loss domain than they do in the gains domain, and responders receive higher payoffs.     

近代中国对西方文化的接纳及得失

对西方文化的学习和接纳 ,构成了中国近代历史演化的重要内容。近代中国对西方文化的学习和接纳 ,经过了一个由简单到复杂、由局部到整体、由外象到内质的发展历程。它在很大程度上影响了国人对中国社会和外部世界的认识 ,从而推动了中国近代社会的发展。本文从史论结合的角度 ,探讨了近代中国学习和接纳西方文化的历程及其得失。     

论热点案件在司法公信力形成过程中的作用--以司法公信力的“储蓄”与“损耗”为视角

文章从司法公信力的“储蓄”与“损耗”视角出发，探讨近年来具有重大社会影响力的热点案件对于我国司法公信力建设的影响。通过以美国为例探讨司法公信状况与热点案件之间的关系，分析和探究完善我国司法公信力状况的路径。文章认为，以“储蓄”的思路重建司法公信力，能够推动整个司法体系和法官群体更加注重个案，尤其是关注热点案件裁判的社会效果，通过实现个案公正推动司法公信力的提升。     

论诸葛亮外交政策的得与失

诸葛亮在《草庐对》中为刘备制定了两步走的外交政策,即“联吴抗曹”和“联吴伐魏”,此政策之“得”就是“联吴抗曹”使刘备基本实现了占据荆、益二州,鼎足天下的第一步战略目标;此政策之“失”在于蜀汉政权建立后,诸葛亮没有审时度势,与时俱进,适时调整外交政策,而依然坚持“联吴伐魏”的外交政策,使蜀成为三国中最先灭亡的政权。     

Reflections on gains and losses: A 2 × 2 × 7 experiment

What determines risk attraction or aversion? We experimentally examine three factors: the gain-loss dichotomy, the probabilities (0.2 vs. 0.8), and the money at risk (7 amounts). We find that the majority display risk attraction for small amounts of money, and risk aversion for larger amounts. Yet the frequency of risk attraction varies according to the gain-loss dichotomy and the probabilities. Kahneman and Tversky studied gain-loss reflections. We submit that a reflection can be decomposed into a translation and a probability switch. We find significant translation and switch effects, which are of comparable magnitude, a result that is equidistant from the diverging two popular views inspired by Prospect Theory: the gain-loss asymmetry, and the fourfold pattern.     

Probability weighting and the ‘level’ and ‘spacing’ of outcomes: An experimental study over losses

The main goal of the experimental study described in this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of probability weighting to the payoff structure of the gambling situation—namely the level of consequences at stake and the spacing between them—in the loss domain. For that purpose, three kinds of gambles are introduced: two kinds of homogeneous gambles (involving either small or large losses), and heterogeneous gambles involving both large and small losses. The findings suggest that at least for moderate/high probability of loss do both ‘level’ and ‘spacing’ effects reach significance, with the impact of ‘spacing’ being both opposite to and stronger than the impact of ‘level’. As compared to small-loss gambles, large-loss gambles appear to enhance probabilistic optimism, while heterogeneous gambles tend to increase pessimism.