Gender bias in performance evaluations: The impact of gender quotas

The intention behind imposing quotas for women on corporate boards is to close the gender gap in economic participation and help women to be promoted within organizations. However, the broader social psychological literature lends support to ideas that affirmative action policies, such as quotas, may do more harm than good for the beneficiaries. We extend this idea beyond the affected beneficiaries and ask whether this unintended negative effect spills over to women who are not immediate targets of the quota, by signaling incompetence. We develop an experimental design to investigate whether the announcement (study 1) and the implementation (study 2) of a quota for women have a direct negative effect on performance evaluations and hence reinforce the existing gender bias in evaluation. We observed that the performance of women was evaluated significantly lower than that of men. However, this gender bias was limited to sequential (rating) evaluations and was not evident in joint (ranking) evaluations. The quota did not significantly influence the amount of this bias. In addition, we observed more pronounced sexism in males compared to females. Results of study 2 gave a hint to an association between higher sexism and lower evaluations of women’s performance. We also found some evidence for a stronger evaluation bias in females when controlling for sexist attitudes. Hence, our results imply that the bias, which is overall quite robust and strongly pronounced, is still affected by individual gender-related characteristics.     

Quota fulfilment and errors in stratification

It is desired to draw a random sample containing specified numbers of individuals from each stratum of a population. First a random sample of size N is chosen from the whole populations and the stratum of each individual ascertained; then any shortfall is made up by selecting individuals with known stratum affiliation. Optimal values of N are sought allowing for cost structure and also the possibility of error in ascertaining the strata to which individuals in the first sample belong.     

上海农村建设有关设施用地指标编制研究

按照目前上海农村建设的实践与要求,在广泛收集上海农村社会、经济和用地数据基础上,提出了一整套适合上海的农村建设有关设施用地指标体系。对该指标体系的研究过程、内容、方法与原则作了介绍,就部分指标的编制方法进行了实证分析。指标体系为今后合理协调农村建设的各项生产、生活和节地之间的关系,做好村庄规划等提供可量化的经济技术依据。     

Bargaining and Strategic Demand Commitment

On occasion, in multilateral negotiations, interested parties make unilateral demands. Certain agreements need unanimity. However, a lesser degree of consensus may be feasible. In this paper, an alternating demand bargaining game among n players is proposed, which envisages varying consensus requirements and commitment, both crucial in generating a unique and efficient outcome of the bargaining process.     

“寓兵于役”与“裁减冗役”——清代民壮的发展概况和社会地位

本文主要从清朝民壮的定额化、职能与训练、社会地位三个方面展开论述,试图揭示出清朝民壮的整体状况和特点。笔者以为,只有把民壮放到清朝特定的政治、社会制度背景之下,放到文武分工协防的地方社会治安防范体系中去解读,才能充分理解其自身的特点。     

稀土出口管制和最优出口配额设计

稀土是我国最重要的自然资源之一,实现其长期经济价值的最大化是稀土产业政策的重要目标.由于我国稀土供应着全球90％以上的需求量,稀土出口管制政策又是影响其经济价值最大化的重要一环.本文在回顾我国稀土出口管制历程、提炼稀土产业供求特征的基础上,构建了稀土产业总经济价值函数,并推导得出实现经济价值最大化的条件方程,为我国出口配额优化改进提供基础性分析框架和理论依据.     

论微利经济对中国证券市场的影响

分析论述了微利经济对中国资本市场发展的影响 ,对产生的影响的原因和后果进行了剖析 ,提出了消除各种不利影响的对策。     

论政治参与水平的测定指标

高水平的政治参与是现代社会人们追求的重要目标之一。科学而全面的测定指标则是衡量政治参与水平高低的基础。测定政治参与水平的指标体系包括政治体系设计的参与孔道、政治参与的广度和深度、政治参与的效度。通过对政治参与水平的测量,可以比较不同政治系统的政治参与水平,并找出不同政治系统提高政治参与水平的努力方向。     

消费品市场：2014年运行特点及2015年发展趋势

通过2014年中国消费品市场统计数据的分析,其发展呈现如下特点：如社会消费品零售总额增速继续回落而网上零售继续超高速增长;乡村消费品市场增速明显回落但增速仍快于城镇;多数大型百货商店呈负增长;餐饮业市场增速有所回升,限额以上单位餐饮收入增速由负转正等;从整体上看物价回落趋势明显。基于上述数据分析和发展特点,对2015年发展环境和趋势进行预测,并从服装消费、大兴零售企业家纺销售、家电销售、化妆品销售和食品销售五个方面进行了具体的分析预测。