产权理论:马克思和科斯的比较(英文)

马克思用崭新的无产阶级世界观构建了产权理论大厦的主体工程。产权是所有制的法律形态。作为财产形式的法权关系,产权不但是反映经济关系的意志关系,而且是历史的产物和历史的范畴,具有历史的形式。马克思着重研究了资本主义的财产关系,即在揭示经济领域中资本和雇佣劳动之间对立关系的基础上,将价值增值过程表述为法学和产权理论中的所有权关系及其占有过程,涉及所有权、占有权、使用权、支配权、经营权、索取权、继承权等一系列权力的统一与分离,从而论证了资本主义财产关系和产权制度的阶级对抗性质。马克思揭示的从“消极扬弃”到“积极扬弃”的变革方向,把资本主义生产关系及其产权制度将被公有制的经济关系和法权关系所代替这一历史必然性和长期发展趋势清晰地呈现出来。     

德沃金的公民良善生活论

作为道德哲学家的德沃金主张伦理个人主义,认为最重要的价值是个人主义的价值,即,每一个独立存在的人的命运和尊严.在德沃金看来,个人主义哲学伦理学不涉及某些具体的伦理学观点和实质性道德判断,它探求的是一种对待问题的态度和思考问题的方式.因此,个人主义哲学伦理学对公民良善生活能够提供巨大解释力,对伦理问题上所存在的困惑和担忧也能做出最恰当的回答,并使公民良善生活在逻辑归属上得以最终完成.     

What Money Cannot Buy: The Distinctive and Multidimensional Impact of Volunteers

Although it is assumed that volunteers make an extremely important contribution to organizations and the community, studies that examine their direct impact are scarce. Using quantitative and qualitative data collected from clients, volunteers and staff at the Philadelphia Ronald McDonald House, examined is the impact of volunteers on the organization, the clients and on themselves. Volunteers had a high direct and indirect impact on recipients, including on their attitudes toward volunteering and their future behavior. Volunteers gained intrinsic and extrinsic benefits and, as expected, their participation had a positive impact on the organization. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on social impact and volunteering.     

Choice among behavior options: A methodology and an empiricial example

It is shown that certain core assumptions of the exchange approach can be translated into an algebraic form which is useful in interpreting empirical patterns of choice behavior. These assumptions include the premise that actors hold certain values which they perceive to be attainable in varying degrees by a series of alternative courses of action, and the premise that actors choose among alternative courses of action through a decision rule, which weighs the relative importance and optimal allocation of these values. The algebraic translation of these assumptions can represent the cognitive-evaluative structures used by actors, thereby providing a series of insights into the value dimensions used in choosing among these behavior options. This methodology departs from the analytic procedures of experimental social psychologi by explicitly creating a geometric repressentation of cognitive structure. This representation can be interpreted by mapping independent value rating scales into the space. Coordinates of the space, finally, can be used as dependent variables in conventional multivariate analyses, to study the determinants of individual variation in value orientation.     

德沃金建构性法律解释理论与高贵梦想

罗纳德.德沃金建构性法律解释理论,借助于现代哲学解释学,消解了传统法律理论的主客观对立、事实与价值对立的主张,以此回应20世纪中后期人们对于法律客观性、正当性问题的质疑。但是西方的法律信任危机有着更深的理论根源,德沃金认为其根源在于主流法律理论割裂了法律与道德之间的关联,其建构性解释理论通过揭示法律事实与价值的不可分,重新建立了法律与自由主义政治美德的联系,为西方法律构筑了一个"高贵梦想"。     

The foster care system simulation: Evaluation of a training innovation

Although foster care is often spoken of as a system with many interactive facets, foster care personnel often carry out their specific roles with little understanding or consideration of the ultimate impact of that system. A simulation of public foster care service delivery designed to sensitize participants to these interactions is described. Evaluation of the simulation's accuracy in portrayal of actual service delivery and a study of the kinds of learning demonstrated by participants at three points (pretest, posttest, and follow-up) are reported. Participants found the simulation an attractive training method, indicated a greater appreciation of system-wide foster care problems, and reported changes in foster care thinking and work, but other indicators of learning were inconsistent.     

后物质主义价值观与主观幸福——从发展理论到发展策略的意义呈现

在以往的社会科学理论视域中，财富增长是提高人的主观幸福的最强力机制。“世界价值观调查”结果揭示，在一个国家，当经济增长处于初期阶段，人们的收入数量与其主观幸福之间的正相关性非常强。然而，当超过一定界限之后，这种相关性就会减弱乃至消失。后物质主义价值观研究结果的最重要启示在于，经济增长到一定程度之后，财富数量的增加仅只是可能带来人的主观幸福提升的次要因素，而经济因素之外的社会因素和精神因素对于提升主观幸福将会起主导性作用。后物质主义价值观与主观幸福之间这种发展理论意义上的相关性，应作为后发优势的一种重要体现受到重视，应在发展规划、发展政策和发展实践当中加以充分体现。     

Overlooking/Looking Over Neoliberal Immigration: Amnesty Policy in the ‘Nation of Immigrants’

In the self-proclaimed ‘nation of immigrants’, a struggle for power plays out in US immigration law. This article examines such a struggle in the context of rising neoliberalism. As president Ronald Reagan set out to revolutionize America with the deregulation of the economy, privatization, and the globalization of capitalist democracy, pundits claimed that the country was experiencing a Mexican illegal immigration crisis that pivoted on Mexican women's fecundity and abuse of social services. Yet along with punitive provisions, the first US law to directly address undocumented migration, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) included an amnesty programme widely praised as a democratic watershed for the undocumented. Consequently, ‘multicultural’ immigrant men and women seemed to be embraced, while in the same breath disciplined through discourses of respectability and criminality that secured both a pool of cheap immigrant labourers and minoritized citizens. More specifically, two strains of ‘nation of immigrants’ discourse that circulated around amnesty during the law-making process affectively (and effectively) framed America as the globally exceptional guarantor of democratic rights, inclusivity, and equal access to economic opportunity for citizens. On one hand, discourse that welcomed and celebrated an abstracted immigrant subject who was free to succeed on the basis of individual hard work was coded as the epitome of Americanism. On the other hand, discourse that welcomed explicitly racialized and gendered immigrants who were free to succeed on the basis of their hard work was coded as emblematically American. In this case respectable tokens of multiculturalism (i.e. immigrants of colour and especially immigrant women of colour who upheld traditional family values) evidenced American inclusivity. This article argues that both strains of ‘nation of immigrants’ discourse naturalized a relationship between citizenship, freedom, and free markets and thus powerfully masked the exploitative social relations key to neoliberal economic arrangements.     

Social policy planning in a federal structure: A social learning strategy

Current social welfare policy planning reflects an inadequate sense of the problems to be solved and an incentive structure which discourages responsible decision making. Proceeding from overly simple cause and effect models, social welfare policies are designed with detailed administrative regulations to insure uniformity and regularity of behavior across the states. When problems are not solved, policy makers focus on the failures of personnel to follow all the detailed regulations. This leads to additional efforts to enforce compliance. There is evidence that implementation personnel consistently and purposively do stretch or ignore regulations in order to service clients. An alternative to further detailed regulations then is to use the autonomy of state units in the federal structure by eliminating negative incentives to innovation and creating incentives to experiment with alternative programs. As a social learning strategy this would encourage innovation and make it possible to learn from the experience of personnel who daily confront the realities of welfare problems and the large array of administrative details.