企业规模、创新能力与“熊彼特假说”——基于中国工业企业数据的研究

基于构建的非线性R&D活动投入产出弹性模型,以2007年《中国工业企业数据库》中35 369个企业样本的截面数据为研究对象,分析了企业创新能力与企业规模之间的关系特征.研究发现:在不同的企业规模定义下,R&D活动产出效率与企业规模之间呈现不同的关系,这一结论与已有研究不同.将企业分为高技术企业和中低技术企业之后,发现技术水平因素并不影响R&D活动产出效率与企业规模之间的关系.     

创新、企业家精神与资本主义的兴衰

熊彼特围绕资本主义的本质特征和兴衰过程这一主题，力图以创新和企业家理论为核心，以独特的阶级理论、财政社会学理论和帝国主义理论等为辅，构建一个相对完整和统一的理论体系，应该被视作社会思想家。他根据创新、企业家和信贷等因素在整个资本主义发展过程中的作用和角色的变化，将资本主义划分为早期资本主义、重商资本主义、全面资本主义和托拉斯资本主义四个阶段，分析各个阶段的特点及其成因，并断言资本主义未来必然会自我衰亡且为社会主义所替代。引导熊彼特做出这些独特分析的是他关于社会变迁的如下“构想”：社会变迁的演变特征，社会在发展中孕育自身毁灭的种子，以及社会诸领域的非同步演变等。     

Reluctant entrepreneurs: musicians and entrepreneurship in the ‘new’ music industry

Changing labour conditions in the creative industries – with celebrations of autonomy and entrepreneurialism intertwined with increasing job insecurity, portfolio careers and short‐term, project‐based contracts – are often interpreted as heralding changes to employment relations more broadly. The position of musicians’ labour in relation to these changes is unclear, however, given that these kinds of conditions have defined musicians’ working practices over much longer periods of time (though they may have intensified due to well‐documented changes to the music industry brought about by digitization and disintermediation). Musicians may thus be something of a barometer of current trends, as implied in the way that the musically derived label ‘gig economy’ is being used to describe the spread of precarious working conditions to broader sections of the population. This article, drawing on original qualitative research that investigated the working practices of musicians, explores one specific aspect of these conditions: whether musicians are self‐consciously entrepreneurial towards their work and audience. We found that, while the musicians in our study are routinely involved in activities that could be construed as entrepreneurial, generally they were reluctant to label themselves as entrepreneurs. In part this reflected understandings of entrepreneurialism as driven by profit‐seeking but it also reflected awareness that being a popular musician has always involved business and commercial dimensions. Drawing on theoretical conceptions of entrepreneurship developed by Joseph Schumpeter we highlight how the figure of the entrepreneur and the artist/musician share much in common and reflect various aspects of romantic individualism. Despite this, there are also some notable differences and we conclude that framing musicians’ labour as entrepreneurial misrepresents their activities through an overemphasis on the economic dimensions of their work at the expense of the cultural.     

熊彼特的资本主义演化理论:一个再评价

对熊彼特的资本主义演化或发展理论,迄今为止有两种不同的评价。有的学者把熊彼特作为所谓"演化经济学"的先驱,也有学者不同意这种看法。熊彼特一方面信奉一般均衡论,另一方面又想解释由创新带来的资本主义生产方式的内生的演化,为此,他提出了"静态"和"动态"两分法,以前者为基础,力图把动态现象在理论上概念化。他的资本主义演化或发展理论虽然包含洞见,但整体上是对新古典均衡分析的一个补充。熊彼特的失误可以归咎于他对资本主义经济的内在稳定性的信念,以及被他当作分析工具的主观价值论和一般均衡论。     

《资本论》第二手稿中“机器篇”的独特意义

<资本论>第二手稿中<机器·自然力和科学的应用>蕴涵着丰富的科学创新、技术创新、制度创新以及三者之间紧密结合的综合创新思想.研究"机器篇"具有非常独特的意义:一是"机器篇"有三分之二以上的内容未写进<资本论>中<机器和大工业>一章,其中的内容突出显示了马克思的近代科学技术制度综合创新论;二是从时间早晚、理论来源、全面性、综合性与科学性方面与熊彼特的创新论比较,"机器篇"说明,创新理论的真正创始人是马克思;三是在今天建立STS学科和构建创新型社会、和谐社会的过程中,这些思想对于理解科学、技术、社会和创新之间的相互关系,具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

关于熊彼特“民主与社会主义关系”的几点思考

社会主义与民主的关系如何，是熊彼特在其《资本主义、社会主义与民主》一书中分析的一个重要问题。熊彼特认为，在一定条件下，民主可以和社会主义相容。熊彼特把民主的定义界定为民主的精英主义，把社会主义界定为一种中央权威控制生产体系的制度模式，认为在适当的社会环境状况下，社会主义可以按照民主原则运行。对于建设有中国特色社会主义民主政治，熊彼特所论“民主与社会主义关系”的理论仍能发挥重要的指导作用。     

Le travail entrepreneurial, ou l'entrepreneur schumpetérien performé

Creating a firm requires the completion of specific tasks of gathering, and combining of the resources needed for production and sales. The head of the project does not do all this alone; he receives help from advisers, experts and managerial tools. This study of the collective entrepreneurial work accomplished by jobless persons who set up a business casts doubt on the Schumpeterian assumption of a visionary entrepreneur, who, all alone, creatively designs a “new combination” of resources. Although a new firm does not spontaneously spring out of an individual's intuition, the framework wherein it gradually takes shape tends to make it a novel combination that is coherent in terms of production, sales and accounting. In this framework, full responsibility can be attributed to the project head. The entrepreneur is not, therefore, Schumpeterian; he becomes so.     

Introduction: Open Markets versus Welfare Citizenship: Conflicting Approaches to Policy Convergence in Europe

Few would have predicted the rapid progress of the EU in developing common economic institutions 20 or 30 years ago, although many commentators might have foreseen the relatively slow development of convergent social policies. This paper sets the European debate in the context of the path‐breaking work of Polanyi and Schumpeter at the end of the Second World War. It argues that the economic institutions of the EU are at least as important as the social policy institutions in understanding current developments, and suggests that a commitment to a broadly liberal market agenda at the economic level constrains and moulds social policies.     

企业家社会角色经典研究的比较

熊彼特和德鲁克两位大师的企业家研究 ,都是企业家社会角色的研究。他们的认识虽有所不同 ,但其企业家精神及其主要思想全然一致。他们明确指出企业家的基本行为和职责是创新 ;企业家具有促进经济发展的重要作用 ,对其它社会领域的变易起先导作用。他们的思想对澄清国内在“企业家”含义上的模糊认识 ,对创设企业家涌现的社会环境会有重要意义     

Uncertainty: the Curate's egg in financial economics

Economic theories of uncertainty are unpopular with financial experts. As sociologists, we rightly refuse predictions, but the uncertainties of money are constantly sifted and turned into semi‐denial by a financial economics set on somehow beating the future. Picking out ‘bits’ of the future as ‘risk’ and ‘parts’ as ‘information’ is attractive but socially dangerous, I argue, because money's promises are always uncertain. New studies of uncertainty are reversing sociology's neglect of the unavoidable inability to know the forces that will shape the financial future. ¹