《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的普通法条款选择及其政治意图

《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》放弃最初的“竞争”条款,意图通过政治干预,保护中小生产者的市场定价权力,缓解其面临的工业化困境。而选择普通法内容,则意在解决国家政治救助途径的宪法局限。     

"三光政策"的发明者——威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼

谢尔曼发展了“总体战”的思想,把摧毁敌方的经济资源同心理攻击结合起来,把恐怖作为战略工具。在“向海洋进军”中,其军队实行了烧光、抢光和毁光的“三光政策”,使南方经济遭到灭顶之灾。他提出了“用战争消灭战争”的辩证思想,要求用武力消灭奴隶制度,在战术上有高超的指挥艺术。内战后他为美国军队的职业化建设作出了贡献。     

论魔幻现实主义在《保留区蓝调》中的成功运用

美国原住民作家薛曼.亚历斯在《保留区蓝调》中成功地运用了魔幻现实主义叙事模式,用一把魔幻吉他揭示了白人殖民者真实的面目,用两个死而复生的军官重演了殖民者对印第安人犯下的罪恶。借助这种叙事模式,作者充分地阐释了白人殖民者对印第安人血腥镇压的历史、现代印第安人保留区的生活现状和印第安民族振兴发展的关键。小说既具备文学欣赏价值又具备社会研究价值,是当代印第安文学作品的典范。     

美国白银运动的历史渊源及其久远影响

19世纪后半叶,随着自给自足农业经济向农业商品经济转变,为提高农产品价格,摆脱沉重的债务负担,美国农场主由硬币主义转向通货膨胀主义,由自由放任主义转向政府干预主义。他们与急于寻求白银市场的银生产者一道发起自由铸银运动,反对单一金本位制,迫使国会先后通过了《白兰德—艾利森法》和《谢尔曼购银法》,致使混乱的货币体系濒临崩溃。为维护币值稳定和企业投资信心,克里夫兰政府废除《谢尔曼购银法》,进一步将以农场主为主体的平民主义运动推向高潮,导致布赖恩民主党的崛起。布赖恩白银党在1896年大选中的失败,标志着自由银运动的衰落。但平民主义和白银党要求政府干预经济,直接发行货币,要求通货膨胀,减轻债务负担的精神却长期存在,影响深远。     

The perception of crime and punishment: A multidimensional scaling analysis

Two studies were conducted to determine (a) the degree to which seriousness is an underlying dimension in the perception of crimes, (b) the relationship of seriousness and other perceived properties of crimes with punishments prescribed by law and punishments assigned by subjects themselves, and (c) the relationship between personality variables and both the salience of perceptual dimensions and the severity of punishments assigned. Similarity judgments for two sets of crimes were multidimensionally scaled and in both cases the four-dimensional solutions were optimal. None of the dimensions was highly associated with judged seriousness. As in previous investigations, seriousness was only moderately related to punishments prescribed by law. However, certain other perceptual dimensions were found to be associated with legally prescribed punishments, although these were not the same dimensions which were aligned with the severity of punishments called for by the subjects. Authoritarianism and Locus of Control were significantly related to the salience of perceptual dimensions for one of the two sets of crimes. High Authoritarians called for more severe punishments to be levied for crimes on three of the dimensions in one set, but assigned significantly longer sentences than other subjects only for capital offenses.     

美国专利联营反垄断规制路径的演变及启示

专利联营作为一种重要的产业组织形式,曾对美国经济的发展产生了重大的促进作用。由于涉嫌垄断,专利联营曾一度受到美国反托拉斯法的严格控制。在美国,专利联营的发展经历了繁荣——衰落——复兴的曲折历程,分别体现了反托拉斯法对专利联营控制的宽严程度及其政策的演进路径,这种规制路径的演变对我国具有重要的启迪意义。