文学研究中的'关键词批评'现象及反思

源于雷蒙·威廉斯的“关键词批评”开启了以阐释核心术语来反思学科建设和发展的新视窗,提供了一种全新的研究范式,在方法论上给日趋程式化和成见化的文学研究以极大启示。20世纪90年代以来,我国文学研究领域出现了引人注目的关键词写作现象。“关键词批评”在批评实践层面有了不少新变与推进：　不再仅以对关键词的词源学追溯为批评中心,而是以关键词在批评实践中的衍生为考察重心,以期有益于文学批评理论与相关学科的建构和发展;表现出注重紧密联系文学文本进行批评实践的趋向;编撰体例有所突破,文论性得以进一步彰显。这些都昭示了“关键词批评”发展的新路向,也显现了其在新时代语境中的勃然生机和研究实绩。我们在充分认识“关键词批评”理论价值的同时,也要注意一些理论“陷阱”与实践误区,避免政治视角从“一维”成为“唯一”,谨防关键词的霸权化和快餐化。     

Thinking through tragedy: critical distance and the law of genre

Abstract

This article focuses on two problems associated with tragedy. One ancient: what is it that draws us to the dramatic presentation of events of terrible suffering and loss? And one modern: namely, that while tragedies are still performed and appreciated, little new tragedy is being written. It will be argued in relation to the second problem that the vitality of tragedy as a dramatic form requires a less rigid approach to what might be considered tragic. And in relation to the first problem it will be argued that this more expansive conception of tragedy will allow an understanding of the ‘pay-off’ of tragedy in a way that draws both on the tradition that focuses on tragedy as cathartic therapeutic, and on the tradition that sees it as a thought laboratory that allows ethical dilemmas to be posed and explored from different perspectives. This argument constitutes a two-fold dialectical synthesis (emotional and intellectual approaches to tragedy on the one hand and the technical and popular use of the word ‘tragedy’ on the other) and the effect of this is to facilitate an understanding of tragedy as establishing a ‘critical distance’ that sets the scene for the possibility of thinking.     

不同的诗人，共同的追求——惠特曼与威廉斯诗作艺术形式的略同之处

惠特曼和威廉斯均是美国诗坛上的泰斗。他们的诗歌在艺术形式上有很多共同之处。二人均倡导自由诗体；主张运用美国本土语言，表现美国自己的东西；注重诗歌的节奏和音乐美感以及色彩的运用。惠特曼在多方面影响了威廉斯，威廉斯在深受其益的同时，多方面发展了惠特曼的优良传统，从而成就了自己在美国文坛上的地位。     

卫三畏与美国早期的对华退款兴学计划

1858年中美签订赔偿条约,中国付给美国700,000美元损失赔偿费,所有的赔款付清后,还剩下二十多万美元余额。卫三畏提议用它在中国建一所学校,这是美国最早的退款兴学计划。该计划由于实施的条件不成熟而流产,但它表达了“用中国人的钱按美国方式教育中国优秀学生”的愿望,这种愿望对后来的庚子赔款兴学产生了重要影响。     

Paradoxes of American Individualism1

I point to contradictions in American individualism not unlike those suggested by Robin M. Williams Jr. I go on to suggest how twenty‐first‐century sociologists might better understand this aspect of American exceptionalism: not as an egoistic, asocial individualism, but as a covenantal, social voluntarism.     

Assessing robustness of crossover designsto subjects dropping out

In some crossover experiments, particularly in medical applications, subjects may fail to complete their sequences of treatments for reasons unconnected with the treatments received. A method is described of assessing the robustness of a planned crossover design, with more than two periods, to subjects leaving the study prematurely. The method involves computing measures of efficiency for every possible design that can result, and is therefore very computationally intensive. Summaries of these measures are used to choose between competing designs. The computational problem is reduced to a manageable size by a software implementation of Polya theory. The method is applied to comparing designs for crossover studies involving four treatments and four periods. Designs are identified that are more robust to subjects dropping out in the final period than those currently favoured in medical and clinical trials.     

从银幕到文本解构《欲望号街车》的两重性

《欲望号街车》的两个电影版本对原著的创作内涵做了截然不同的诠释。从比较两个电影版本改编的逻辑性入手,应用接受美学理论、知觉概念,对文本的叙述结构、人物性格及心理特征进行了分析,从而解构作品的两重性,从一个新的视点展示了成就这部伟大作品的原因。     

Hypothesis Tests for Covariance Analysis Models for Circular Data

We introduce covariance analysis models for circular dependent variables. In addition, we have also developed hypothesis tests to evaluate the significance of the parameters used. One of the tests is an extension of the Watson–Williams test. The tests performances have been evaluated using simulation studies.     

《欲望号街车》中的“诗化现实主义”

《欲望号街车》通过对女主人公在不同环境中的不幸遭遇 ,生动地展示了新奥尔良某地区的拥挤嘈杂的生活图景 ,深刻地揭示了现代美国社会工业化进程中传统的南方与现代的北方的冲突 ,剧本具有深刻的现实意义。本文通过对《欲望号街车》中的创作风格、舞台艺术和语言艺术的探讨 ,充分地论述了本剧中剧作家所运用的独特艺术手法“诗化现实主义”。     

A ratio-to-control Williams-type test for trend

Under certain conditions, many multiple contrast tests based on the difference of treatment means can also be conveniently expressed in terms of ratios. In this paper, a Williams test for trend is defined as ratios-to-control for ease of interpretation and to obtain directly comparable confidence intervals. Simultaneous confidence intervals for percentages are particularly helpful for interpretations in the case of multiple endpoints. Methods for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals are discussed under both homogeneous and heterogeneous error variances. This approach is available in the R extension package mratios. The proposed method is used to test for trend in an immunotoxicity study with several endpoints as an example.