语用学在课文理解中的应用

语用学是研究语言的理解和使用的学问。研究的范围包括指示语、　　　语用学在课文理解中的应用　　　　　　　　　　　　　　会话含义、预设等。要使交际取得成功 ,说话者指示语所指信息要清楚 ,交际双方要有共同的语用预设 ,双方还要遵守合作原则     

大中专在校学生考试分数的正态化线性转换

本文分析了考试记分方法中传统的绝对百分体制的缺陷，给出了一种正态化转换分数的算法，较适合于在校大中专学生学习水平的横向评价。     

基本剩余价值初探

剩余价值在其历史发展中相继地采取了绝对剩余价值、相对剩余价值和基本剩余价值的直接表现形式。基本剩余价值是在绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值尚未产生或产而复失的历史场合中必须生产的 ,也是在实行绝对剩余价值生产和相对剩余价值生产的历史场合中 ,被它们凸现出来并使它们赖以产生的具有原先既定性 ,或扩张基础性和增生本体性的剩余价值形式。基本剩余价值生产与资本主义生产相始终 ,是资本主义生产目的的基本实现。它和绝对剩余价值、相对剩余价值在质和量及其历史形态上的差异 ,使剩余价值成为一个比较经济范畴     

全球视野内的中国贫困问题研究

中国贫困问题的研究应顺应贫困研究国际趋势其中国贫困走向进行相应调整,即顺应贫困演变趋势,从研究绝对贫困向研究相对贫困转化;改变政策取向,从关注集体贫困向关注个体贫困转化;拓宽研究范围,从研究物质贫困向人文贫困转化;转变研究方法,从一般经济学分析拓宽到制度经济学分析。在对策设计上,应从加强反贫困制度建设、实行瞄准贫困人口的扶贫政策、缩小收入差距和关注人文贫困等方面加以考虑。     

没有场的空间是不存在的——广义相对论的空间概念

本文简述了空间概念的发展历程。经典力学和SR把空间看作虚无,而GR则认为空间是 物质的。从而指出了空间概念是人类思维的自由创造。     

英语名词性成分的预设功能及其在组织课堂教学语言中的作用

本文首先介绍了预设理论的发展以及预设的各种手段 ,在此基础上 ,分析了名词性成分作为预设手段 ,在语篇中的作用———经济性与衔接性 ,并用例证说明了在这两种作用的影响下 ,名词性成分对课堂语言起着重要的作用 ,为此教师应了解并恰当运用预设知识进行教学     

On Schelling＇ s View of Art and Nature

艺术与自然的关系,一直是西方古典美学中一个争论不休的问题。从古希腊到近代德国的美学家们都曾加以思考,并提出了不同的看法。作为德国古典美学代表人物之一的谢林,对艺术与自然的看法与他对艺术本质的理解是一致的。他反驳了两种流行的观点,并提出自己的独特理念。谢林的看法,与康德和黑格尔有所不同。谢林的论述,对我们今天认识艺术与自然、人与自然之关系仍有借鉴意义。     

文学语篇中的预设与接受

预设是以隐含的方式内嵌于句子或语段之中的无须断言的信息或命题.作为一种语用现象,预设编码和解码在文学语篇的建构和接受过程中发挥着重要作用,是双向互动的关系,两个过程均不容忽视.在重视预设在文学语篇建构中的作用的同时,应强调接受过程中的读者反拨以及对语篇的创造性解读,从而使文学语篇的创作和解读达到最佳状态.     

A Weighted Least Squares Approach to Levene's Test of Homogeneity of Variance

In 1960 Levene suggested a potentially robust test of homogeneity of variance based on an ordinary least squares analysis of variance of the absolute values of mean-based residuals. Levene's test has since been shown to have inflated levels of significance when based on the F-distribution, and tests a hypothesis other than homogeneity of variance when treatments are unequally replicated, but the incorrect formulation is now standard output in several statistical packages. This paper develops a weighted least squares analysis of variance of the absolute values of both mean-based and median-based residuals. It shows how to adjust the residuals so that tests using the F -statistic focus on homogeneity of variance for both balanced and unbalanced designs. It shows how to modify the F -statistics currently produced by statistical packages so that the distribution of the resultant test statistic is closer to an F-distribution than is currently the case. The weighted least squares approach also produces component mean squares that are unbiased irrespective of which variable is used in Levene's test. To complete this aspect of the investigation the paper derives exact second-order moments of the component sums of squares used in the calculation of the mean-based test statistic. It shows that, for large samples, both ordinary and weighted least squares test statistics are equivalent; however they are over-dispersed compared to an F variable.     

Outlier detection and robust variable selection via the penalized weighted LAD-LASSO method

This paper studies the outlier detection and robust variable selection problem in the linear regression model. The penalized weighted least absolute deviation (PWLAD) regression estimation method and the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) are combined to simultaneously achieve outlier detection, and robust variable selection. An iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the proposed optimization problem. Monte Carlo studies are evaluated the finite-sample performance of the proposed methods. The results indicate that the finite sample performance of the proposed methods performs better than that of the existing methods when there are leverage points or outliers in the response variable or explanatory variables. Finally, we apply the proposed methodology to analyze two real datasets.