从偏见视角解读医患关系

偏见是个体以不正确或不充分的信息为依据,并对其他人形成先入为主的负性判断,泛化至群体中则会表现为人们对某群体产生片面或错误的认知。文章从消极刻板印象、期望差异与归因偏差这三个角度解释了医患群体产生偏见的心理机制,在此基础上讨论偏见对医患关系造成的消极影响,并结合社会现实提出减少医患双方偏见的方法。     

A Different Take on the Big Bang Theory: Examining the Influence of Asperger Traits on the Perception and Attributional Confidence of a Fictional TV Character Portraying Characteristics of Asperger Syndrome

Research shows that media figures can influence the construction of one’s personal and social identity. However, there are few studies that examine representations of stigmatized groups with developmental disorders, such as those with autism spectrum disorders. This research examines the effect of a viewer’s scores on the autism quotient (AQ) and their relationship with homophily and attributional confidence towards Sheldon on The Big Bang Theory, who is suspected of having Asperger’s syndrome (AS). Guided by uncertainty reduction theory the results indicated a positive relationship between the dimensions of the AQ and homophily with Sheldon, and a positive relationship between higher scores on the AQ and attributional confidence towards Sheldon. The implications of identification with fictional television characters for individuals with AS, and the application of the AQ in future research are discussed relative to the current findings.     

韦纳的归因训练理论模式及其实施

归因训练在近年来一直是西方心理学界十分重视的研究课题 ,它为人类行为的控制提供了一条新的途径 ,并广泛地应用到心理现象研究的各个领域。韦纳的归因训练模式主要将期望的和不期望的成败结果归因于动机和情绪 ,其应用主要集中在成就范围内 ;综合西方有关的研究并结合我国的具体情况 ,在学校情景中实施归因训练包括三方面的内容 :选择对象 ,教育干预和效果测量     

Parental Discipline and Abuse Potential Affects on Child Depression,Anxiety, and Attributions

The current study investigated differences in children's emotional functioning as a product of their parents' reported disciplinary practices and child abuse potential. Families with no known history of abuse were recruited to ascertain whether depressogenic attributional style and depressive or anxious symptomatology was evident in children of parents who used harsher physical punishment and who had higher abuse potential. Forty‐two New Zealand children ages 8–12 participated with their parents. Child‐report measures of depression, anxiety, and attributional style were compared with parents' responses on physical discipline scenarios and child abuse potential. Children's anxiety symptoms were higher in those children whose parents obtained higher abuse potential scores and had harsher discipline practices. Children's depressive symptoms and some components of maladaptive attributional style were also found in families with higher abuse potential. Results suggest emotional difficulties similar to those of maltreated children even without identifiable abuse.     

蒙古族青少年归因风格发展特征研究

采用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·归因风格分量表》,调查了1768名蒙古族中小学生的归因风格状况及发展趋势和特征。结果表明：（1）蒙古族青少年群体的归因风格存在显著的性别差异;（2）不同学校类型的蒙古族青少年归因风格存在显著差异,其中重点学校青少年的归因风格得分均高于一般学校;（4）不同家庭来源的蒙古族青少年归因风格存在显著差异,呈现出城市和城镇〉农牧区的递进层次;（5）蒙古族青少年归因风格存在显著的年级差异,随年级的增高,蒙古族青少年的归因风格得分呈起伏式增长的发展趋势。