彝族社会中"尔普"形式的变迁

凉山彝族社会中的“尔普”(份子钱 )是一种礼物交换形式。对“尔普”的研究和分析 ,可有助于人们理解凉山彝族社会。“尔普”本来是维系彝族传统社会宗族内部亲属组织的纽带 ,由于文化变迁的原因 ,后来发展出了跨宗族的“尔普”新形式 ,又由于族群互动的原因 ,还产生了跨越族群的“尔普”形式。“尔普”形式的变迁是族群互动下的一种文化变迁形式 ,其动力来源于彝、汉两族的互动关系。彝族社会中“尔普”的变迁形式是人类学关于族群互动下的文化变迁理论的鲜活事例。     

Social Network Challenges to Reducing Consumption: The Problem of Gift Giving

Social networks are typically associated with recruitment tactics. In this article, I offer an additional perspective on social networks as a constraint to social change and an under‐recognized challenge to reducing consumption. I draw on 45 interviews with: voluntary simplifiers, religious environmentalists, and green home owners. Informants, failing to withdraw from gift‐giving networks, instead (1) negotiate a reduction in gift giving, (2) green gift giving, and (3) attempt to transform gift giving into a tactic for lifestyle change. Rather than viewing social networks as channels for cultural cohesion, I argue that we need to better conceptualize the way culture and networks are co‐constituted by tactics of influence within areas of contention.     

Learning to negotiate network relations: social support among working mothers living in poverty

This study promotes our understanding of the complex and dynamic role that social support networks play in the everyday life of working mothers living in poverty, by focusing on the processes of negotiation involved in the creation, maintenance and mobilization of social ties. It is based on semi-structured interviews with 12 Israeli-Jewish working mothers who participated in an economic empowerment workshop. Findings indicate that the participants received much social support from relatives, friends and community activists. However, they further reveal the hard hidden work of negotiation and the process of learning involved in obtaining support. Particularly important in this context of poverty was the need to learn how to ask for support by overcoming feelings of shame and concerns about respectability, and to reduce social burdens by, among other things, refusing to participate in the ‘gift economy’ and limiting constraining social relationships. Finally, this study shows how the seemingly divergent interpretations of negotiation in social-exchange theory and symbolic interactionism (reaching an agreement that maximizes benefits versus preserving the relationship) often converge in everyday life situations.     

Gift Giving, Identity, and Transformation: The AIDS Memorial Quilt

Those who have originated the AIDS Memorial Quilt have often referred to it as a gift. In this essay, the author discusses theories related to gift giving to discuss the quilt and its constructed effects for those who experience it as a gift. In particular, Weiner's notion of inalienable possessions is highlighted to address how the quilt, as a gift that is kept inalienable from its original creators, maintains historical identity and immortality for its originators, many of whom are gay and bisexual men. Also, Hyde's notion of erotic gifts is presented to consider the quilt's ability to draw people together, create feeling-bonds among them, and affect their transformation.     

试论元曲中“羊”“酒”的婚俗文化功能

梳理元代散曲、杂剧、南戏,可知元曲中有5个场合使用“羊”“酒”:1)作为食物、饮料;2)一般的喜庆场合;3)谢仪或致歉的财物;4)用做安慰亲友的财物;5)婚嫁聘礼。从民俗学的角度看,“羊”“酒”在婚嫁聘礼中功用是:“羊者,祥也,群而不党”;“酒”者,“久”也。都表达了人们对美好婚姻的祝福和愿望,同时也寓有一定的巫术意义。     

慈善捐赠法律关系基本类型及捐赠人法律地位

慈善捐赠法律关系有三种基本类型,即慈善捐赠合同、慈善信托与慈善组织设立。三者各有理论基础,表现形式也有很大的差异,但就其内容——当事人的权利义务而言,却又大同小异。就其社会作用、社会效果而言,则可谓殊途同归,均是为了保障慈善捐赠人的财产所有权的顺利转移以及慈善目的的实现。这三种典型的慈善捐赠法律关系犹如三大支柱,稳固了慈善捐赠的典型形式,并将慈善捐赠法律关系的参与者的权利义务关系固定了下来。就慈善捐赠人的法律地位来说,他们不外乎是赠与合同中的赠与人、慈善信托关系中的委托人以及慈善组织设立法律关系中的出资人。     

中国社会个体化的产生及其条件——个体化相关理论述评

通过对个体化相关理论的梳理,考察了个体化的概念和个体化的基本特征,提出当今的中国社会正在经历一场个体化的转型;从大多数学者的市场与个体化、国家与个体化2种不同视角考察了个体化产生的社会条件,指出这2种研究视角存在的缺陷,并试图寻求能够弥补这一缺陷的前提下研究中国个体化的中间道路,即在关系和礼物交换类型的改变中对个体化的表现样态进行考察;归纳了阎云翔关于中西方个体化进程的比较,由于中西方个体化进程的社会背景不同,中国很可能会走出一条与西方不同的个体化道路。     

新经济形势下的遗产税和赠与税

近年来,随着我国经济的发展,人民收入水平不断提高,贫富差距也逐渐扩大,使遗产税和赠与税开征有越来越重要的现实意义和必要性。而遗产税和赠与税应该配合征收,采用并行征税模式。这样能够在一定程度上完善我国现行的税收体制,促进我国经济的发展。     

唐代册赠使关联问题研究——以《大唐开元礼》所记策赠礼为中心

以《大唐开元礼》所记策赠礼为中心,对唐代的册赠使进行考察,可以发现：唐代针对特定的册赠对象,派遣不同的使者进行册赠。册赠使一般有2人,其中主使为1人,副使人数不固定,但二者均有品级限制。册赠使者的品级高低与死者被赠官的品级有一定关系,但并非一一对应,有很强的灵活性。册赠王爵、尊号、太子号者都要求特定身份的人参与,而对册赠使的品级要求不是很明显。唐前期多由太尉参与册赠,肃宗以后则多由真宰相参与册赠。另外,吊祭使与册赠使是两种不同的使节,赙赠一般是由吊祭使完成,册赠使并不承担这一责任。     

Guanxi,social capital theory and beyond: toward a globalized social science

Western theoretical traditions can benefit from systematic engagement with non‐Western concepts: This is shown through an analysis of the Chinese concept guanxi. After considering the general nature of guanxi, including its possible association with corrupt practices and its particular cultural characteristics, the paper goes on to identify the elements of its general form which have universal representation. The possibility of conceiving guanxi as a variant form of social capital is explored. This shows the way in which both the expressive and instrumentalized forms of guanxi indicate otherwise neglected aspects of social and economic relationships not always recognized and addressed by analogous terms current in social theory but which are none the less important for its advancement.