论刑罚个别化原则的根基和属性——一种多视角的分析与考察

近年我国刑法学界,刑罚个别化原则正日益引起学者的广泛关注和深入研究.刑罚个别化原则有其内在的合理根基它在方法论基础上得益于近代犯罪学对刑法学的推动;在伦理内涵方面体现了人性关怀;在价值追求中实现了公正圆满.刑罚个别化原则不仅仅是一个量刑原则或刑法原则,而且是一个重要的刑事政策原则.     

教学情境中的教学个性化

教学个性化是在教学情境中实现的,貌似相同的“情境”,在不同教学理论流蔽的视野中却有不一样的意义,在实践中对教学个性化的发挥产生了不一样的影响。进步主义教育思想和建构主义学习理论强调情境的刨设和选择,其结果是教学实践倾向于模式化,个性化发挥受到抑制;与之相反,现象学教育学思想肯定情境的客观存在和多变,在实践运用中更倾向于教学的个性化。     

Continuity and change in work-life balance choices

This paper explores the ways in which the work-life balance choices made by heterosexual couples differ in different generations, how such choices are gendered, and the extent to which 'individualization' provides an adequate conceptualization of the effects of social change on heterosexual couples. It argues that processes of individualization need to be seen in the context of changing social institutions, and that it is the de-institutionalization of 'the family' and the life course that is leading to a de-gendering of work-life balance choices. The paper draws on findings from a restudy of the family and social change and a study of the gender dimensions of job insecurity both of which were carried out in the same geographical location. The studies provide evidence of generational change in work-life balance choices and increasing occupational differentiation between heterosexual partners. This leads to a situation where increasingly choices are made which blur gendered boundaries and which has been made possible by a process of de-institutionalization of the male breadwinner family. Our findings support the contention that processes of individualization are more apparent amongst younger than older generations and that, because of changes external to the family, there is more negotiation and pragmatism amongst younger generations about work-life choices.     

EXPECTATIONS RELATING TO CHILDCARE AMONG FRENCH AND SWEDISH FAMILIES

This paper investigates how policy and values interrelate concerning expectations of childcare based on 80 interviews with 40 families with young children from France and Sweden, respectively. Upbringing, learning and socialization are important expectations among French parents. The results presented here are in line with educational goals that may have been influenced by policy. The findings suggest that France may, in terms of expectations on childcare, still belong to the conservative cluster as categorized by Esping-Andersen (1990 Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The three worlds of welfare capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.  [Google Scholar]), although family policy may differ from that of, for example, Germany and Italy in the same cluster. Swedish parents stress the importance of the individual child as well as pedagogy, thus, indicating compatibility between a parental wish for the individual development of the child and an emphasis on collective care in Swedish family policy.     

Quick,uncertain, and delayed adults: timing,sequencing and duration of youth-adult transitions in Canada

The transition from youth to adulthood in western societies has become more prolonged and complex as traditional societal norms have lost influence. Using retrospective data from a cohort of 43-year-old Canadians surveyed in 2010 (n?=?405), we mapped the timing, sequencing, and duration of ‘first stage’ youth-adult transitions (leaving home, finishing formal education, obtaining a full-time job) and ‘second stage’ youth-adult transitions (marriage, parenthood, home ownership). Latent profile analysis identified five distinct transition profiles – norm-setters, quick adults, uncertain adults, adult students, and delayed adults – with different amounts and timing of post-secondary educational investment playing an important profile-shaping role. Although youth-adult transitions have become less standardized and more individualized, especially for first stage transitions, these transitions are still quite structured and continue to be affected by gender and family socioeconomic status.     

Visions in monochrome: families, marriage and the individualization thesis

This paper takes issue with the way in which the individualization thesis--in which it is assumed that close relationships have become tenuous and fragile--has become so dominant in 'new' sociological theorizing about family life. Although others have criticized this thesis, in this paper the main criticism derives from empirical research findings carried out with members of transnational families living in Britain whose values and practices do not fit easily with ideas of individualization. It is argued that we need a much more complex and less linear notion of how families change across generations and in time.     

DEPENDENCE AND INDEPENDENCE

The contributions that adult men and women make to households in terms of paid and unpaid work have undergone substantial change, particularly in respect of women's responsibility for income generation, and have been seen as part of the processes of individualization. Recent contributions to the literature have suggested that children are now acquiring independence earlier as part of those same processes. The paper uses qualitative methods to explore the way in which parents in two-parent families, where both are employed, perceive the risks attached to children's exercise of greater independence, how they seek to ‘manage’ those risks and how far the perceptions of parents accord with those of children. We find parents’ perceptions of risk to be strong, but to have little to do with working patterns. In addition, they are often at odds with the actual behaviour of the child. Risks are managed by negotiation, in which children played an active part. We are also able to make some preliminary comments on the difficulties of interpreting scale measures in relation to interview evidence.     

论欧·亨利文学作品中个性化人物的象征意义

欧·亨利作为美国短篇小说一代巨匠,在世界文坛拥有巨大影响力。究其根源,十分重要的一方面即在于其小说中人物创设个性化的同时被赋予了广泛而深邃的象征意义,让人感受到强大的震撼与共鸣。文章通过选取欧·亨利成名之作的四部小说中的四位个性化人物并加以分析,以深化学界对其作品中人物象征意义的探究。     

Unemployed by choice: young creative people and the balancing of responsibilities through strategic self-management

The Danish welfare system inadvertently provides a good opportunity for young creative people to pursue their dreams in creative fields such as art, acting, music while being on unemployment benefits. As Michael, one of the participants, puts it: ‘I consider unemployment benefit entrepreneurial support’. The subversive practice is illegal. This qualitative study investigates how young unemployed people who choose to be unemployed in order to engage in innovative projects in creative fields understand and justify their practice. Analysis of in-depth interviews with six young unemployed persons shows how the understanding and management of responsibility is pivotal in the self-understanding and legitimization of receiving unemployment benefits by choice, not out of need. This creative group reflects the contours of a new type of unemployed that has received very little attention in the research literature. The group challenges the traditional representation of the unemployed and portrays themselves as innovative, competent and able to cope with financial insecurity even though it is psychologically distressing and a risky path to go down. We characterize them as strategic self-managing as they use educational systems and unemployment benefit systems for something entirely different from what they are intended – they use it to create their own artistic life courses. This study tentatively points to a categorization distinguishing between personal, social and societal responsibility by which we can improve our understanding of responsibility in neoliberal contexts.     

世界化与个性主义--现代化的两个重要趋势

现代化是中国近代历史发展的基本走向和主题。现代化运动是一个复杂的历史发展过程,其中外部关系上的世界化和内部关系的个性化(个人主义)是现代化运动的两个重要趋势和趋向。中国近代以来160多年的发展历程同样体现和展示出这样两个基本的发展趋势和趋向。从世界化的趋势来说,由于中国近代的对外开放是被迫的,因此在一个相当长的时期内,国人对世界化的发展趋势缺乏自觉的意识和体认,直到戊戌变法和辛亥革命时期,学习西方、融入世界、变法图强的世界化意识才成为先进中国人的自觉主张。五四运动前后,中国的世界化进程和中国人的世界化意识达到了一个新的历史高度。个性主义的实质是对个人价值(个人的自主权利及其创造精神)的尊重和肯定。个性主义在近代中国历史上经历了一个艰难曲折的演变过程,通过对西方个人主义思想的介绍、宣传和诠释,近代中国的启蒙思想家们对个性主义的内容和价值进行了新的界说和评论,充分肯定了个性主义、个性解放、个人自由对国家进步、社会发展的重要意义,特别是五四新文化运动,对个性主义思想的宣传、倡导、高扬,为个性化在中国的发展创造了良好条件,五四时期成为中国个性化发展的黄金时期。1949年后,由于内外环境的变化,中国的世界化和个性化发展进程处于停滞、萎缩甚至倒退状态,直至1978年后,伴随着改革开放的展开,中国的世界化和个性化进程才重新启动。值得注意的是,最近20多年间,中国的世界化和个性化程度达到了历史上前所未有的高度和程度,这是中国现代化发展的重要趋势,也是中国现代化发展的重要标志。