从分歧到一致--中共高层领导解决西安事变意见透视

西安事变爆发后 ,中共中央高层怎样处理这件大事变 ,开始意见是不一致的 ,主要是审蒋、杀蒋与争取南京正统两种意见。随着事变的发展、演进 ,中共高层意见最终趋于一致 ,大家一致主张释蒋 ,这为第二次国共合作奠定了基础。中国共产党对西安事变独立作出各项决策是及时恰当的 ,从而实现了和平解决西安事变的目标 ,为全民族的团结抗战打开了通道。     

曹魏政权内两大政治集团的产生与竞争

汝颍集团和谯沛集团的产生绝非偶然,其与曹操用人政策紧密相联。前期他们共同辅佐曹操,开创基业,建立曹魏政权,后期两大派别矛盾加剧,党争愈演愈烈,最后导致魏晋禅代。     

Emergent and effective properties in ecology and evolution

Emergent properties are often discussed in arguments concerning relationships among different levels. However, the different definitions of emergent properties sometimes confuse the arguments about macro-level phenomena, since some authors regard emergent properties not only as observable global patterns but as properties that affect and cause change in ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus it is important to distinguish higher-level or larger-scale properties that can influence particular ecological and evolutionary processes from those that cannot. I call the former properties effective properties. I gave examples that show why the distinctions between effective and non-effective properties are important.     

Effects of critical incident tasks on the intercultural competence of English non-majors

ABSTRACT

In this internationalised world, graduate employability in terms of intercultural communication skills needs to be taken into account in higher education. The present study aims to explore the effects of critical incident task instruction on English non-majored undergraduates’ intercultural competence. One group of students received ten weeks of instruction with one critical incident task per week and another group received standard English classes. Data were collected from the students’ pre- and post-test. The results showed a significant and strong effect of the intervention with critical incident tasks. Implications for educational practice are presented for further teaching with critical incident tasks.     

Three Approaches to Understanding Self-Help Groups

With the increasing importance of self-help groups, professionals need to augment their understanding of how groups work in order to help clients make effective use of them. Three conceptual frameworks-social networks, social learning and cognitive theory-explain the basic psychosocial processes of self-help groups. Practice implications indicate how clients can benefit from self-help groups and suggest how professionals might enable their clients to realize the full benefits of participation in them.     

国家自学考试突发偶发安全事件应急管理模式研究

国家自学考试作为国家重要的教育制度安排,是国家发现、选拔、激励和培养人才的重要工作,涉及到相关群体的人身安全和社会公平等事项。国家自学考试活动的安全管理水平直接影响到人民群众的切身利益和国家的形象。对自学考试过程中不同阶段与不同场景下突发偶发安全事件的特点进行分析,按照安全性、预防为主、公平性和经济高效的原则,通过情境分析、逻辑分析和经验提炼等方法,对国家自学考试突发偶发安全事件应急管理模式进行分析和选择,针对阶段和场景的不同特点提出相应建议,为完善我国自学考试安全管理提供参考和借鉴。     

汉语供用句的概念整合

现代汉语供用句由“（数量＋供用对象）＋V＋（数量＋供用物）”和“（数量＋供用物）＋供＋（数量＋供用对象）”概念空间整合,该句式具有“一定数量的物质供一定数量的人或物使用”浮现意义。供用句产生的关键在于能否建立输入空间,并选择性地将输入空间概念投射到整合空间,根据整合机制整合出该浮现意义。     

媒介事件对电视广告创意的影响

从对媒介事件的重新界说以及媒介事件对受众心理状态的影响入手,通过对近期国内一些电视广告片的创意特点的分析,指出在媒介事件的影响下,电视广告的创意正呈现出一些趋向,如诉求路线的情感化、表现内容的公益化、运作方式的潜隐化等等。对于这些趋向的认识,有助于企业改变以往程式化的广告操作手段,获得更加积极有效的广告产出;有利于拓展电视广告创意者的思维空间,使电视广告创作更上一个台阶。     

A port in a storm: Spontaneous volunteering and grassroots movements in Amsterdam. A resilient approach to the (European) refugee crisis

This article seeks to expand knowledge about spontaneous volunteering in Amsterdam during the European refugee crisis in the winter of 2015–16. As formal institutions, which relied on a top–down command and control approach, were unable to handle the relatively large number of refugees who arrived in a short period of time, grassroots social movements based on bottom–up participation emerged. Grassroots volunteers were not only politically engaged, protesting against the strict refugee reception policy, but they also became involved in the crisis response, showing a great deal of flexibility. Although the social movements struggled with their organizational structures, they were able to adapt their missions and structures to changing circumstances. To achieve a resilience‐based response to future refugee influxes, this article advocates for formal response organizations to dismantle their static, top–down approach, and for social movements to find a balance between participation and professionalism. If institutionalized refugee response organizations adapt to the dynamics of local conditions, they could create the conditions for resilient solutions in the crisis context.