How children tell a (prosocial) lie from an (ironic) joke: The role of shared knowledge

Understanding counterfactual utterances is a major challenge for children, because of the many ways in which they can be interpreted (pretence, errors, figures of speech, lies). In the present study, 7-year-olds and adults determined whether counterfactual utterances were prosocial lies or irony, depending on whether the counterfactuality was known only to the speaker (unshared knowledge) or to both interlocutors (shared knowledge). When the counterfactuality was shared by the interlocutors, both the 7-year-olds and the adults were less likely to interpret the speaker's counterfactual utterance as an attempted lie, and more likely to conclude that the speaker was being ironic. Adults were better than children at distinguishing irony from lies, but both age groups exhibited the same response pattern, namely a bias toward lying. This bias did not prevent the adults from deciding that the speaker was being ironic when the counterfactuality was shared, whereas children responded at chance level. In children, the association between task performance and theory-of-mind skills was nonsignificant, with a very small effect size. We discuss the possibility that, contrary to widespread belief, distinguishing irony from lies does not necessarily involve theory of mind (ToM).     

《范进中举》和《两班传》讽刺艺术之比较

《范进中举》和《两班传》以其深刻的思想内容和高超的艺术技巧，成为中韩两园讽刺文学的典范。两部小说都选用富有典型意义的真实材料，将讽刺的锋芒直指社会弊端，只是前者指向腐朽的科举制度，后者指向行将崩溃的两班制度；两部小说都精心描写讽刺人物的言行，展示其言论与行动的尖锐矛盾，从而获得讽刺效果，一是悲由喜来，一是喜由丑生；两部小说的作者都善于把自己的情感隐匿在对现实生活的描绘中，关敬梓力求隐去自己的声音，而朴趾源有时夹叙夹议；两部小说语言精炼、幽默，但前者较后者更具通俗性、更富生活气息。     

论洪咨夔诗歌

南宋诗人洪咨夔是五言律诗的高手,创作了不少忧国忧民的诗歌,对当时的弊政和贪官予以深刻的揭露与辛辣的讽刺。其山水诗、咏物诗、闲居诗、挽诗很有艺术特色。他运用幻想、比喻、拟人、通感等艺术手法营构出新颖奇谲的意象群,在炼字、炼句、对仗等方面也有独特造诣,是南宋诗坛上一位杰出的诗人。     

汉代冷嘲热讽、嘻笑怒骂类俗赋

中国文人以自嘲方式写的诙谐俗赋,我们现在见到最早的当推东方朔的<答客难>,它是在荀子<为说者日>和宋玉<对楚王问>的基础上发展而来.但荀子和宋玉的作品以庄重的回答为主,而<答客难>则夹杂着深刻的嘲谑,这些嘲谑又是通过一种"豁达"表现出来的.     

《简&#183;爱》中的现实主义和浪漫主义

文章分析了19世纪批判现实主义作家夏洛蒂.勃朗特的长篇小说《简.爱》的艺术特点———现实主义风格与浪漫主义风格的完美结合,并阐述了现实主义只要做到与时俱进,不断和其他小说流派相结合,就会具有永恒的生命力。     

客观真实的描写意味深长的讽刺——读莫泊桑的《珠宝》

法国莫泊桑的短篇小说《珠宝》当置于作者最好的短篇之列。小说不露雕琢痕迹的客观真实描写和意味深长的讽刺 ,不仅从一个侧面反映了 19世纪后期法国的社会风貌 ,也为读者参与作品的再创造留下了广阔的空间和深入思考的余地。