对新课程实施中学生评价方法的哲学思考——标准化考试与档案袋评定的整合

评价既可能成为课程改革的动力 ,也可能成为其实施的障碍 ,它是课程改革成败的关键。为使基础教育课程改革达到预期目的 ,必须将评价改革作为课程改革的一个重要部分 ,探索出与新课程理念相一致的评价方法。目前国外较为流行的评价学生的方法是档案袋评定 ,这种评价理念与我国的新课程理念相一致 ,它强调学生参与 ,注重学生发展。然而档案袋评定能够作为标准化考试的替代评价法吗 ?笔者从不同哲学观进行分析 ,最后得到结论 :档案袋评定和标准化考试是看似对立、实质互补的两种评价方法 ,教师在实际评价中必须将两种方法结合运用     

论正当防卫的限度

正当防卫的限度是在法学理论学界和司法实践中均有争议的问题 ,本文主要以 1997年《中华人民共和国刑法》关于正当防卫的规定来研究正当防卫的限度及特殊防卫权。这对如何认定特殊防卫权具有重要意义。     

全力支持河套大学人才培养水平评估 构建巴彦淖尔完善的国民教育体系

10月份,教育部将组织专家组对河套大学进行人才培养工作水平评估,对河套大学而言,这既是机遇也是挑战。经过21年的发展,河套大学取得了可喜的成绩。通过这次评估,河套大学要理清思路、深化改革,认真整改,迈向新高。教育行政部门大力支持对河套大学人才培养水平评估,支持河套大学的发展。     

Low dose risk estimation via simultaneous statistical inferences

Summary.  The paper develops and studies simultaneous confidence bounds that are useful for making low dose inferences in quantitative risk analysis. Application is intended for risk assessment studies where human, animal or ecological data are used to set safe low dose levels of a toxic agent, but where study information is limited to high dose levels of the agent. Methods are derived for estimating simultaneous, one-sided, upper confidence limits on risk for end points measured on a continuous scale. From the simultaneous confidence bounds, lower confidence limits on the dose that is associated with a particular risk (often referred to as a bench-mark dose ) are calculated. An important feature of the simultaneous construction is that any inferences that are based on inverting the simultaneous confidence bounds apply automatically to inverse bounds on the bench-mark dose.     

突出地域特色的植物科学与技术专业教学改革

培养富有创新精神和开拓能力,理论坚实并具有现代植物生产技能,能够献身生态重建和区域农业发展的应用型高级技术人才。以此作为专业教学改革的基础目标,通过教师队伍素质和水平培养提高,着力相关课程改革,坚持理论教学面对区域农业发展实际,跟踪农业技术发展前沿,强化具有就业市场竞争能力的专业技能培养,通过办学条件的改善,使富有地域特色的专业教学改革取得初步而又明显的成效。     

企业改制与资产评估

企业改制是建立现代企业制度的必要途径。资产评估是企业改制中必不可少的重要环节。资产评估应明确评估目的、评估基准期、评估对象 ,掌握正确的评估方法和规范的评估程序。在企业改制中要特别注意设计稳妥的剥离方法 ,对非经营性资产和非经营性人员进行合理的剥离     

关于我国经济特区发展的几点思考

特区的“特”与“不特”，是个关系到经济特区发展的大问题。本文从世界、全国和特区３个视野探讨了这个问题，认为特区要进一步发展，必须顺应世界经济特区发展的趋势，从全国改革开放和现代化建设的大局出发，充分发挥各自的特色，再创特区发展的新优势。     

Potential exposures and risks from beryllium-containing products.

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.     

What to Do at Low Doses: A Bounding Approach for Economic Analysis

To quantify the health benefits of environmental policies, economists generally require estimates of the reduced probability of illness or death. For policies that reduce exposure to carcinogenic substances, these estimates traditionally have been obtained through the linear extrapolation of experimental dose-response data to low-exposure scenarios as described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1986). In response to evolving scientific knowledge, EPA proposed revisions to the guidelines in 1996. Under the proposed revisions, dose-response relationships would not be estimated for carcinogens thought to exhibit nonlinear modes of action. Such a change in cancer-risk assessment methods and outputs will likely have serious consequences for how benefit-cost analyses of policies aimed at reducing cancer risks are conducted. Any tendency for reduced quantification of effects in environmental risk assessments, such as those contemplated in the revisions to EPA's cancer-risk assessment guidelines, impedes the ability of economic analysts to respond to increasing calls for benefit-cost analysis. This article examines the implications for benefit-cost analysis of carcinogenic exposures of the proposed changes to the 1986 Guidelines and proposes an approach for bounding dose-response relationships when no biologically based models are available. In spite of the more limited quantitative information provided in a carcinogen risk assessment under the proposed revisions to the guidelines, we argue that reasonable bounds on dose-response relationships can be estimated for low-level exposures to nonlinear carcinogens. This approach yields estimates of reduced illness for use in a benefit-cost analysis while incorporating evidence of nonlinearities in the dose-response relationship. As an illustration, the bounding approach is applied to the case of chloroform exposure.     

科技特派员制度生命力的探析

地处闽北的南平市在发展当地经济、促进农业重大转型的特定时期,启动科技特派员制度,有其深刻的时代背景和现实意义。本文从科技特派员制度创举与活力切入,分析这一制度创举深层次的原因,并进一步探讨这一制度生命力如何在新时期持续和创新。