近代天皇制:日本发动对外战争的罪魁

近代天皇制是日本对外侵略战争连绵不断之深层次、制度意义上的原因。因为近代天皇制是日本政治制度的核心 ,是军国主义的基础 ;天皇是战时国家的最高军事统帅 ,是国家最高领导人和最终决策者 ,天皇无论是在战前、战时、战后 ,都是日本国民教育的精神领袖。     

家庭暴力的原因及预防对策探微

目前,家庭暴力已成为越来越不容忽视的社会问题和影响社会稳定的不安定因素。其产生的原因既受到封建专制主义的文化传统和宗法等级制度的影响,也与当前社会竞争加剧给人们造成的巨大心理压力以及其他因素有关。其预防对策是要逐渐消除家庭暴力正常化的观念,鼓励被害人增强抗争意识,更要借助于公安机关的预防和打击。     

Attributing Outcomes to Social Policy Interventions – ‘Gold Standard’ or ‘Fool's Gold’ in Public Policy and Management?

In recent years there has been increased interest in outcome‐based social policy‐making and management. The UK has been in the forefront of this movement but similar movements have been identified internationally. This interest in outcome‐based decision‐making has been given particular impetus through the ‘results’‐based movement in evaluation and performance management since the 1980s, which has increased in scope over time, slowly changing its emphasis from cost reduction and measuring outputs to measuring outcomes. This change has been widely welcomed by policymakers, practitioners and academics. However, there is evidence that the reality is often rather less than the rhetoric. Moreover, the ‘attribution problem’ of attributing changes in outcomes to specific social policies has remained a major issue. The conceptual solution of constructing ‘cause‐and‐effect’ models, imported from the policy evaluation field, has only recently become common for operationalising these models. This article outlines the evolution of interest in outcome‐based social policy‐making up to recent times and the growing realization of the importance of the attribution problem. It then outlines both how the ‘cause‐and‐effect’ policy modelling approach can partially tackle the attribution problem, but also its inherent limitations. Lastly, the article uses several case studies in current UK social policy‐making to demonstrate the potential importance of the reasoning embedded within cause‐and‐effect models but also the dangers in policy‐making which adopts this approach without understanding its conceptual basis or in fields where it is inappropriate, given the current state of our knowledge of social policy systems.     

阿拉伯语语法推理思维的文化探析

语法是语言的结构方式和组织规则,它兼具人类共性和民族个性.语法规则是人类长期抽象思维的成果和社团约定,它反映着语言社团的文化规约和语言学家的思维方式.阿拉伯语语法与汉语截然不同,与印欧语系语言相似,属于有明显形态标记的形式语法,具有清楚的逻辑推理思维,即遵循概念、判断和推理的基础模式.本文对此现象进行了阐释,并探究其文化成因.     

治理出生性别比失衡问题的再思考

针对我国20世纪80年代以来出生人口性别比持续升高现象分析认为,在我国,造成出生人口性别比升高的直接原因是非法胎儿性别鉴定的存在,深层次原因则是源于农村较低的经济发展水平和由此引起的社会保障制度不完善,以及国家在倡导男女平等的基本国策方面缺乏切实有效的政策措施。由此提出,建设社会主义新型生育文化、制定提高女性社会地位的相关政策、加强相关法规建设、完善社会保障制度以及借鉴他国成功经验等应是综合治理出生人口性别比升高的具体对策。     

从人口性别结构谈构建和谐宜宾

从出生人口、分年龄段人口、城乡人口、不同受教育程度人口、各行业就业人口等方面分析了宜宾市人口性别结构失衡的现状,指出人口性别结构失衡的关键是出生人口性别比严重偏高,其偏高的原因大致可归结为文化背景、经济条件、社会环境、医术变化、统计误差等。治理出生人口性别比偏高,需要在各级党委、政府的统一领导下,动员社会各界力量,采取多种措施,坚持标本兼治,实行综合治理。这一问题得到有效解决,才能为实现构建和谐社会目标提供人口安全保障。     

美国宪法第四修正案中的"相当理由"之变迁——兼论我国刑事强制措施证明标准的完善

美国宪法第四修正案中的"相当理由"在司法实践中经历了从一元向多元的嬗变,与之遥相呼应,美国理论界也一直存在着"相当理由"究竟是固定标准还是滑动标准的论争。我国未来刑事诉讼法的修改,应借鉴美国法上的"相当理由"标准,在遵循比例原则的基础上,规定多元化的刑事强制措施证明标准的同时,建立相关的配套措施,保障刑事强制措施制度的正当化。     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

创新型人力资本及其集成决定论--一种对企业绩效差异成因认识的新视角

经济与管理学界对企业绩效差异成因的认识主要可概括为两大流派：企业绩效差异成因外生论和企业绩效差异成因内生论。其中,企业绩效差异成因内生论又可以分为企业绩效差异成因契约论和企业绩效差异成因能力论。作者在对这两大流派进行分析和评述的基础上,论述了企业绩效差异成因契约论和企业绩效差异成因能力论相融合的必要性、可能性与模型构建,得出了创新型人力资本及其集成才是企业绩效差异的最根本原因的结论。     

浅析当代大学生言语行为的性别差异及其原因

性别语言是语言的一种变异形式,是诸多领域研究的重要课题。本文主要介绍当代大学生言语行为的性别差异,注重时代发展赋予大学生语言的文化特征,并分析其原因。