论左联的亚政治文化特质

20世纪30年代文学群体的亚政治文化特征鲜明,左翼文学群体政治化倾向最显著,具有其他群体所不具备的特质左联因党派性形成强烈的政治对抗而独标一帜,左联成员的民众意识取代强烈的民主参与意识,左联的处境使它显示出更显著的、近乎本能的对外排他性和对内强制性.左联是30年代文学群体亚政治文化性的突出代表.     

Coerced Sexual Experiences Among Adolescent Substance Abusers: A Potential Pathway to Increased Vulnerability to HIV Exposure

This study describes the forced sexual experiences, serious internalizing problems, risky sexual behavior, and alcohol-related correlates of risky sexual behavior of 120 substance abusing adolescents and young adults (87 men, 33 women; mean age = 17.2 years) undergoing treatment. Prior coerced sexual experiences were associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts, higher levels of risky sexual behaviors, avoidance motives for drinking, and sexual decision-making conducive to risky sexual behavior. Sexual coercion was associated with patterns of sexual behavior and alcohol use that potentially increase vulnerability to HIV exposure. Social workers can play a number of significant roles in addressing ongoing psychological distress associated with sexual coercion among these predominantly female adolescents. Therefore, effective social work practice should enhance treatment effectiveness and reduce risk for a range of maladaptive outcomes including exposure to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and revictimization.     

论可撤销的民事行为

本文从可撤销民事行为的定义及特征、撤销权的主体、可撤销事由的分类、可撤销的方式及后果入手,通过与国外民法典有关方面的借鉴和比对,浅析我国的可撤销的民事行为,并提出建议,提出应明确规定撤销权主体、有关重大误解的立法建议、显失公平应考虑和注意的问题、撤销权消灭的起算以及最长期限,这样有利于社会关系的稳定。     

Working Group on Ethical Considerations in Science and Scholarship∗

Persons can be subject to involuntary treatment for mental illness or substance abuse in a variety of circumstances. The ability of such persons to give a valid informed consent for research often has been called into question, because the coercive nature of the treatment is thought to impair the voluntariness of their decision making. A careful consideration of the nature of coercion from a “moralized”; perspective focuses attention on two elements that determine the acceptability of consent: the fairness of the proposal to which consent is sought, and the moral baseline from which the proposal is made. Even when coercion is not present, disproportionate rewards offered for participation in research can impair the voluntariness of consent, as can the unintended effects of the social structure of the system in which the research is taking place. When coercion, defined as a moralized concept, is not present, however, and other conditions do not substantially impair voluntariness, consent to research legitimately may be sought from involuntarily treated populations.     

试论阿以战争中的大国干预

大国干预地区事务体现在大国之间的横向互动以及大国与地区国家之间的纵向互动.大国干预具有制衡性、非对称性及强制性等特征,体现了大国干预的复杂动态过程.本文在叙述大国干预阿以战争的基础上,发现安全利益、威胁认知、文化认同等因素影响着大国干预地区事务的动机.当前巴以冲突中大国干预的影响依旧存在,且对阿以和平以及中东安全具有重要的历史和现实意义.     

The Economics of Labor Coercion

The majority of labor transactions throughout much of history and a significant fraction of such transactions in many developing countries today are “coercive,” in the sense that force or the threat of force plays a central role in convincing workers to accept employment or its terms. We propose a tractable principal–agent model of coercion, based on the idea that coercive activities by employers, or “guns,” affect the participation constraint of workers. We show that coercion and effort are complements, so that coercion increases effort, but coercion always reduces utilitarian social welfare. Better outside options for workers reduce coercion because of the complementarity between coercion and effort: workers with a better outside option exert lower effort in equilibrium and thus are coerced less. Greater demand for labor increases coercion because it increases equilibrium effort. We investigate the interaction between outside options, market prices, and other economic variables by embedding the (coercive) principal–agent relationship in a general equilibrium setup, and studying when and how labor scarcity encourages coercion. General (market) equilibrium interactions working through the price of output lead to a positive relationship between labor scarcity and coercion along the lines of ideas suggested by Domar, while interactions those working through the outside option lead to a negative relationship similar to ideas advanced in neo‐Malthusian historical analyses of the decline of feudalism. In net, a decline in available labor increases coercion in general equilibrium if and only if its direct (partial equilibrium) effect is to increase the price of output by more than it increases outside options. Our model also suggests that markets in slaves make slaves worse off, conditional on enslavement, and that coercion is more viable in industries that do not require relationship‐specific investment by workers.     

试论阿以战争中的大国干预

大国干预地区事务体现在大国之间的横向互动以及大国与地区国家之间的纵向互动。大国干预具有制衡性、非对称性及强制性等特征,体现了大国干预的复杂动态过程。本文在叙述大国干预阿以战争的基础上,发现安全利益、威胁认知、文化认同等因素影响着大国干预地区事务的动机。当前巴以冲突中大国干预的影响依旧存在,且对阿以和平以及中东安全具有重要的历史和现实意义。     

亚当·斯密的正义观

亚当.斯密的正义思想丰富而深刻。斯密的正义具有强制性、自然性,是自由的前提和社会存在的基础;斯密的正义也具有其局限性。哈耶克的正义思想以及现代社会所倡导的分配正义、起点公正等都是对斯密思想的继承和创新。