Comprehensive neighbourhood mapping: developing a powerful tool for child protection

This paper proposes ‘comprehensive neighbourhood mapping’ as a schema for gathering and interpreting information within a given geographical area which is informed by imaginative thinking about the safety of children and young people from sexual crime. It would build upon current forms of profiling by local authorities, health authorities and central Government. CNM would actively involve local people, in partnership with agencies, in ‘mapping’ danger points and support points. Eight components are discussed, including environmental issues, locations of sex offenders, sites where teenagers meet and share information, supportive individuals and organizations. Some issues for pilot projects are discussed, including the need to set up planning and implementation groups and to integrate CNM into wider child protection and community safety strategies. CNM is grounded in an ecological perspective which sees partnership approaches as essential and believes an overarching view of neighbourhood needs, based on detailed local information and understanding of how different forms of harm interconnect, is crucial in developing child protection strategies. At times of acute official anxiety about community ‘lynch‐mob’ reactions to known paedophiles, CNM aims to build communities which instead are informed and thoughtful about child protection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA分子近邻互补链碱基的非线性效应

DNA分子近邻互补链碱基的非线性动力学效应研究，综述了Yomosa及Zhang模型，并在改进后的平面转子模型基础上，利用阶乘矩分析方法分析了平面转子模型的非线性效应，结果说明该模型更好的近似性．     

翻译转喻的理据:从现象到人类认知

转喻机制具有普遍性,也存在于翻译过程中。在回顾前人研究的基础上,对翻译转喻现象进行了基本的分类,并从范畴化和认知语法角度分别对存在于词汇和句子层面的翻译转喻现象进行了分析。翻译转喻涉及音、形、意三个方面,研究发现：1）其主要实现途径包括整体代部分、部分代整体以及部分代部分;2）翻译转喻依托范畴化结构,尤其是当两种文化存在通用图式的情况下,翻译转喻就是对原语范畴之外其他级别范畴或同一级别其他范畴成员的凸显及在译语中的映射;3）增译、减译、转换等技巧是翻译转喻思维的具体方法论,其使用会导致译语概念结构出现不同程度的调整。研究成果对认知语言学、翻译学研究具有一定的启示意义。     

链霉菌查尔酮合成酶基因克隆及原核表达载体构建

根据Genbank数据库已知的链霉菌的查尔酮合成酶基因的保守区设计chs基因特异简并引物,土壤总DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增得到该l条chs基因编码区,通过TA克隆、测序和同源比对及进化分析表明:该基因为放线菌来源chs基因.分别在该基因5’末端和3’末端分别引入的限制酶NcoI和EcoR I酶切位点,利用上述2种限制酶分别酶切导入到psimple-T/chs载体和原核表达pET32a,凝胶回收目的片段后,将二者连接并转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,转化子经菌液PCR筛选、双酶切鉴定后,3730测序结果表明,该基因全长编码区为1089 bp,推测该基因编码全长为362个氨基酸残基,等电点(PI)为5.41、分子量为3 965道尔顿含有CHS保守功能区的酸性蛋白质.分析表明,该基因与Streptomyces lividans来源的查尔酮合成酶RppA基因核苷酸相似性高达93％,氨基酸序列相似性高达87.70％.测序结果表明,该基因已经成功插入到pET32a载体中.     

多通道DNA测序仪的新型设计

目前大多数商品化的DNA测序仪的信号检测系统是基于CCD或PMT。基于CCD的系统需要对CCD进行制冷,其造价相对较高且灵敏度相对较低;基于PMT的系统使用机械扫描来实现多通道检测,其工作稳定性相对较低且工作的机械噪音大。本文提出了新型的DNA测序仪,它采用PMT共焦荧光系统,通过f-θ透镜和光学扫描来实现多通道并行检测。在此新系统中采用标准双链DNA样品:pBR322/HaeIII(使用TO染料)进行了毛细管电泳实验,测得系统的检测限可达:1.1841×10-11mol/L。新型DNA测序仪的工作机械噪声相比基于机械扫描的系统要低得多,且工作稳定性和灵敏度也很高。此系统可应用于基于激光诱导荧光的毛细管阵列和多通道微芯片的电泳检测。     

从群体遗传的DNA线索看东乡族族源问题

DNA分析技术的发展为进行民族识别和分析民族起源、迁徙、流动、融合提供了新手段。本文在国内外首次应用D13S317基因座第 11号等位基因频率指标 ,计算了东乡族群体遗传动态数据。结果发现 ,东乡族和回族遗传距离很近 ,且东乡族中具有白种人血缘混杂。结合其他有关资料 ,我们认为东乡族的起源与元代蒙古军带来的中亚工匠、签军有关 ,亦与当地蒙古族、回族、藏族人群的融合有关。本文的研究结果可以为民族研究提供群体遗传方面的线索     

Generalized Augmentation to Control the False Discovery Exceedance in Multiple Testing

Abstract.  A new multiple testing procedure, the generalized augmentation procedure (GAUGE), is introduced. The procedure is shown to control the false discovery exceedance and to be competitive in terms of power. It is also shown how to apply the idea of GAUGE to achieve control of other error measures. Extensions to dependence are discussed, together with a modification valid under arbitrary dependence. We present an application to an original study on prostate cancer and on a benchmark data set on colon cancer.     

Retrospective change detection in categorical time series

The aim of this paper is to propose methods of detecting change in the coefficients of a multinomial logistic regression model for categorical time series offline. The alternatives to the null hypothesis of stationarity can be either the hypothesis that it is not true, or that there is a temporary change in the sequence. We use the efficient score vector of the partial likelihood function. This has several advantages. First, the alternative value of the parameter does not have to be estimated; hence, we have a procedure that has a simple structure with only one parameter estimation using all available observations. This is in contrast with the generalized likelihood ratio-based change point tests. The efficient score vector is used in various ways. As a vector, its components correspond to the different components of the multinomial logistic regression model’s parameter vector. Using its quadratic form a test can be defined, where the presence of a change in any or all parameters is tested for. If there are too many parameters one can test for any subset while treating the rest as nuisance parameters. Our motivating example is a DNA sequence of four categories, and our test result shows that in the published data the distribution of the four categories is not stationary.     

如何发现DNA是生命的遗传物质

从核酸的发现到DNA双螺旋结构模型建立历时80余年,人类最终确认了DNA是生命的遗传物质,解决了一个生命科学研究中极其关键的重大问题。因此,对此段历史的研究具有重要意义。全面回顾此间发生的对揭示DNA的结构和功能具有重要影响的事件,包括米歇尔发现核酸、列文提出＂四核苷酸假说＂、格里菲斯等人的转化实验、査伽夫提出碱基配对规律,以及沃森和克里克建立DNA双螺旋结构模型,在此基础上阐述人类发现DNA是遗传物质的研究历程,进而探讨科学研究的规律。