唐代的权利侵害及其法律责任

唐代各种侵权行为可从不同角度分为多种类型,其中比较重要的为：(一)团体侵权和自然人侵权；(二)对人身权的侵害和对财产权的侵害；(三)对社会的侵权、对团体的侵权和对自然人的侵权。在唐代,权利侵害的责任归属受到多种因素的影响,执行公务、正当防卫、不可抗力、受害人有无过错、行为人的责任能力等等都不同程度地影响到权利侵害责任的承担,而其中影响最著亦最为普遍的则为损害事实、因果关系、故误过失以及身份地位等四大要素。唐代的权利侵害主要会导致两种不利后果,一是刑事责任,但这一时期也同时出现了某种权利侵害刑事责任民事化的倾向,这突出地表现在收赎制度上；另一是民事责任,主要包括赔偿损失、返还财产、恢复原状和排除妨碍四种形式。     

浅析学术期刊领域中的侵权现象

当前我国学术期刊领域存在侵犯著作权的现象。主要表现 :著作权归属不明晰 ,导致对作者的署名权、修改权、经济权的侵犯 ;不能按《著作权法》规定的期限给作者录用通知 ,造成一稿多投的现象 ;对参考文献的著录重视不够 ,不同程度地侵犯了引文作者的合法权益。     

The impact of the Victorian infringements system on disadvantaged groups: findings from a qualitative study

This article focuses on the infringements system currently operating in the state of Victoria, Australia and, in particular, its impact on disadvantaged groups, such as people suffering homelessness, drug and alcohol dependency, mental illness, acquired brain injury, poverty, and domestic violence. The concerns of lawyers working in community legal centres striving to address the needs of people in these disadvantaged groups prompted this qualitative study, which involved in‐depth interviews with key stakeholders in the infringements system. Participants included those who issue and enforce fines, those who represent vulnerable fine recipients, and the fine recipients themselves. The research sought participants' understanding of the system, its aims, and its outcomes. This article presents an overview of the research findings in relation to the complex Victorian infringements system process, net‐widening, proportionality, and the 'special circumstances' process. Our findings suggest that the Victorian infringements system is expedient and efficient when people can promptly pay their fines. However, multiple issues need to be addressed if the system is to be just and fair to people suffering various types of disadvantage. A number of systemic changes and educational initiatives are recommended, along with law reform that addresses the unreasonable and unacceptable impacts on disadvantaged groups in Victoria.